The Borgia Codex, Precolombian Treasure

Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare and The Life of...

No matter how hard one tries to avoid being manipulated, it is impossible to avoid all sources such as documents, leaders and friends. Manipulation, the ability to alter the position or influence a person, occurs everywhere one goes. Throughout Julius Caesar by Shakespeare and The Life of Caesar by Plutarch, the theme of manipulation was revealed through countless instances showing both its sources and effects. Several of the characters in both accounts, such as Brutus, Caesar, and the people of Rome, were manipulated one time or another, by sources such as their close friends who merely desired their ideas and plans to continue forward. Cassius, an envious and ambitious man, did not approve of what Caesar was doing as ruler and believed†¦show more content†¦Decius came and distorted the interpretation to make it seem positive and that nothing bad would happen to him. One of the aspects of the dream that Decius altered to focus on positive outcomes, was his statue spouting blood in many pipes. He changed the idea so that the blood symbolized reviving blood, that all would use for benefit. Caesar trusted Decius’ explanation of the dream and exclaimed â€Å"How foolish do your fears seem now, Calpurnia! I am ashamed I did yield to them. Give me my robe, for I will go.† (Shakespeare 31) Decius made his interpretation appear much more desirable than Calpurnias and tricked Caesar. Even though it was only a miniscule change in the eyes of Caesar, little did he know it would send him to his death. After Caesars death, Brutus brought out the body and showed it to the people. He gave a speech and told the people â€Å"If there be any in this assembly, any dear friend of Caesars, to him I say, that Brutus love to Caesar was no less than his. If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.† (Shakespeare 45) Brutus told the people this to manipulate into thinking that he had done this to protect Rome, because Caesar was stealing all of the authority and leaving everyone else powerless. This was not theShow MoreRelatedA Historical Overview Of Julius Caesar Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesA Historical Overview of Julius Caesar (Shakespeare style) The fate of a nation determined by one man. With classic alliances and betrayals, the tale of Julius Caesar is still regarded as one of the greatest betrayals in human history. The fate of Rome was heading toward a dictatorship. Only the Roman Republic could stop Julius Caesar from ruling Rome. Little did the Roman Republic know that this assassination would later cause Octavian Caesar to become the first Emperor of the Roman Empire in 27Read MoreLiterary Analysis of the Tragedy of Julius Caesar773 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar William Shakespeare wrote his play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, so that his readers could have an idea of the lives, wars, and conflicts during the roman times. Shakespeare may have written the play because of his interest in history. He studied the writings of the historian Plutarch, who was alive at the same time as Caesar and wrote about his life. He also needed a job and money, and he had a fear of Queen Elizabeth dying. Shakespeare loved her and he fearedRead MoreJulius Caesar s Death And The Fallout After It1721 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar is one of his most monumental plays that cover Julius Caesar’s death and the fallout after it. He got the material for this play from a Greek writing called the Life of Julius Caesar. This was actually a famous biography written by Plutarch in the first century, I was later translated by Sir Thomas North in 1579. Published in 1599 this play is assumed to be the first to be ever preformed in the famous Globe Theater, it was a smash success that moved audiencesRead MoreThe Cleverness of Marcus Brutus735 Words   |  3 Pageswanted Julius Caesar to die, therefore when Cassius and the other conspirators tried to get him to get in on the plan he took advantage of it. It may seem that he was very uneasy about the plan that, but that is what he wanted people such as Casca, Cassius, Trebonius, etc. to think. He did very well at taking the blame off of himself. Marcus Brutus was a very political guy in reality. He was good at addressing a crowd in public. He was good at being on point. This of course is the real life BrutusRead More Female Power, Maternity and Genderbending in Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra3164 Words   |  13 PagesFemale Power, Maternity and Genderbending in Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra The 19th century essayist and literary critic William Hazlitt wrote of Cleopatra, She is voluptuous, ostentatious, conscious, boastful of her charms, haughty, tyrannical, [and] fickle, which are great and unpardonable faults (Hazlitt 2-3). Much of the criticism of Antony and Cleopatra has recycled this judgement, depicting Cleopatra as a villainess uses her eroticism and sexuality to motivate Antony toRead MoreComparing the Speeches of Mark Antony and Brutus in Julius Caesar2122 Words   |  9 PagesSpeeches of Mark Antony and Brutus in Julius Caesar The play Julius Caesar was first performed in 1599 at the Globe theatre in London. The Globe theatre was built earlier that year and Julius Caesar was one of the first plays performed there. This gives us reason to believe that the play was written towards the end of 1598 and beginning of 1599. William Shakespeare wrote the play Julius Caesar because Plutarchs Lives, William Shakespeares source of history, allowedRead MoreThe Renaissance and It’s Affect on William Shakespeare’s Works2369 Words   |  10 PagesIt’s very easy to see William Shakespeare as an amazing literary genius who had a perspective on life that, to simply put it, no one else has ever had. However Shakespeare was the product of the English Renaissance. The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement spanning from the later 15th century until the early 17th century, it is associated with the Italian Renaissance which started in the 14th century. Like most of northern Europe, England did not get the full effect of the RenaissanceRead More Julius Caesar: The Peoples Dictator Essay example2917 Words   |  12 Pages Julius Caesar has always been an important, well-known figure in history. His name still lives on, two thousand years after his death. Even the terms Kaiser and Tsar are renditions of Caesar. To this day, the name C aesar conjures images of ancient Rome, conspiracies, intrigue, and murder. Thanks to William Shakespeare, most people know that he was betrayed and killed by his friends. But what made Caesar so fascinating that Shakespeare would choose to write about Caesar over fifteenRead MoreEssay about The Life of William Shakespeare1274 Words   |  6 Pages William Shakespeare was a very talented man known for his various works of literature. His works include poems, plays, and sonnets. His works are then broken down into tragedies, comedies, and histories. Shakespeare left this world centuries ago, but his writings continue to live throughout the world today. He has greatly impacted the world of literature and his existence will forever be remembered. In 1564, William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon (Hazell 32). It seems thatRead More Corruption and Ambition in Macbeth Essay examples2125 Words   |  9 Pagesis not an easy task. The works of William Shakespeare (1564-1616) have, more than once, proved worthy of the title classic. Not only does his work hold up, as he wished, a mirror to his own society, but manages to reflect what is going on much later, and indeed, may be relevant well into the next millennium, if civilization continues to peruse Shakespeares writing. A study of the character of Macbeth, essentially reveals the parallels that Shakespeare draws with the human condition through

A Character Analysis Free Essays

One of the most significant characters within Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar is that of Brutus, a very complex individual whose actions have significant impact upon the events on the play. This paper examines the character of Brutus and assesses both the good and bad elements of his character. A critique of how these qualities present inner conflict within Brutus is offered together with an explanation of the ways in which these conflicts manifest themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on A Character Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is the intention of this paper to prove that despite the fact that Brutus was able to murder his closest friends, he is essentially a moral man who maintained his honor to the end. One of the most significant elements of Brutus’ character is his strict ideals. He is a nobleman, â€Å"the noblest of Romans† (V. v. 75) who is strongly guided and influenced by matters of honor. He demonstrates a continual obsession with acting in a way that is right and just and speaks regularly of the need to create a republic in Rome that is ruled by the votes of the senate as opposed to a single dictator. This creates a problem in his relationship with Caesar. Despite their close friendship, Brutus is concerned that Caesar will rise to power and then commit an act of betrayal by enforcing a dictatorship on the people of Rome, â€Å"climber-upward†¦ He then unto the ladder turns his back†¦ † (II. ii. 24,26). It is clear that, for Brutus, his moral and ethical ideals are of higher importance than his friendship and love for Caesar and thus he is able to commit the inhumane act of murder. However, whilst the murder itself is wrong, the fact that Brutus himself believes so strongly in the fact that his actions are for the good of Rome, entails that he does, to an extent, maintain his honor. Brutus’ single minded obsession with morality entails that he can be easily persuaded by others to carry out their will, provided it is presented as being for the good of Rome. This reveals a further, negative, element to his character; he is naive. Cassius is able to manipulate Brutus’ obsession with honor in order to persuade him to murder Caesar, an ironic turn of events that on face value is anything but honorable. Brutus fails to recognize that he is being used by Cassius and Antony and seems to accept everything on face value, failing to question facts or consider the possibility that he could be deceived. This can be seen in the way he blindly accepts the letters from Cassius as being sent from the people of Rome and thus demonstrative of their will for Cesar to be removed. His nativity entails that he allows others to play upon his ideals in order to convince him to perform the act of murder. Despite the fact this murder causes him anguish, â€Å"Our hearts you see not; they are pitiful; and pity to the general wrong of Rome†¦ † (III, i, 185-186), he allows Cassius and Anthony to convince him that committing such acts will win the hearts of the people of Rome, â€Å"If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. † (III. ii. 21-24). Brutus’ gullibility is something that he carries with him to the grave, even on his deathbed he believes that he has shared his life with true and honorable men, â€Å"My heart doth joy that yet in all my life I found no man but he was true to me† (V. v. 38-39). Such a naive and trusting nature allows the audience to perceive Brutus as honorable. He is innocent and trusting and truly believes that he is acting on behalf of the people of Rome. A further negative element of Brutus’ character is his poor judgment. He believes that he will win the support of the people of Rome because he acts in their interests. This is evident when he addresses the Roman citizens in the forum and in his general treatment of the Roman crowds. He incorrectly perceives them as intelligent individuals who will be able to understand his reasoned approach to the murder of Caesar. However, the reality is that the crowd is not able to understand his intellect and is thus left vulnerable to the words of Antony. Here, despite Cassius’ advice to the contrary, he allows Antony to have the last word at the funeral and is thus once again betrayed as a direct result of his naivety. Antony is able to utilize Brutus’ words and actions against him and generate hatred and animosity in the crowd. The same crowd that Brutus judged to be reasonable and intellectual. A further significant component of Brutus’ character is that of his philosophical nature. He is a believer in Stoicism, a philosophy that dictates living side by side with nature and existing in a carefree and indifferent manner. Such a philosophy manifests itself in an unemotional manner. This can be observed when Brutus hears of the death of his beloved wife and simply replies, â€Å"Why farewell Portia, We must die, Messala† (IV. iii. 218). His stoic nature can be seen as a possible explanation for the way in which he is able to restrict his focus to the political and ethical reasons for his murder of Caesar. Brutus’ stoic nature is further enhanced by the fact that he is able to put the good of the public before his own personal feelings. He does not think of Caesar as a man or a friend, but as a political entity, a future dictator, who threatens the good of Rome. This is one possible explanation for why he appears to show no grief for the acts he has committed or for his dead friend; he is too entrenched in his political objectives. The political focus of Brutus’ character proves to be a further flaw that allows others to use him to their advantage. His apparent lack of emotion is something that Cassius is able to utilize when he addresses the crowd and convinces them that Brutus is inherently bad. As readers though we have an insight into Brutus’ actions and understand the causes for his lack of emotion. He is so intent on doing what he believes to be right that, in our eyes, he maintains an honorable image. One of Brutus’ biggest faults is his inflexible nature. His stubbornness and inability to adapt to the events that occur ultimately leads to his downfall. Despite the fact that he is so politically focused, he fails to play the game of politics himself and thus leaves himself open to manipulation. Unlike Antony and Cassius, he is unable to strategically plan the best means of achieving his intentions, instead acting upon his blind faith that what he is doing is what the people want. However, although this is a flaw, it is something that maintains his honor; he is not a cheat or a conspirator at heart. This paper has discussed a number of Brutus’ character traits, both good and bad. A number of his qualities both serve in his favor and lead to his downfall. Whilst he is trusting, true to his beliefs and resolute, his naivety, poor judgment and single mindedness entail that he leaves himself vulnerable to the dishonest actions of those around him. However, it is such naivety that allows the readers to maintain an image of Brutus as an honorable man, who tries to act in the best interests of his people. The last word on the character of Brutus is expressed extremely well by the words of Mark Antony: â€Å"This was the noblest Roman of them all:? All the conspirators, save only he? Did that they did in envy of great Caesar,? He, only in a general honest thought? And common good to all, made one of them† (V,V, 68-72) For the characters in the play, and for the reader, Brutus maintains an element of honorability that even his most disgraceful acts cannot eradicate. How to cite A Character Analysis, Papers

Resistance to change free essay sample

Resistance to change has been renowned as an organizational challenge; however, a comprehensive understanding of the different ways that resistance can be manifested is commonly practiced and highly beneficial to companies. A U. S. mining company, Ajax Minerals realized just how beneficial it is to understand the components of how changes affect all branches of their company. Ajax Minerals recognized their organization was operating at full capacity and in the next couple years were going to have major competitive threats from another company. If the matters of the future  challenges that Ajax Minerals were anticipating werent addressed and handled appropriately, the organization would be expecting to experience grave danger. What it all boils down to are the issues concerning how Ajax Mineral organization would react regarding resistance of changes that would ensure competitiveness and livelihood for the company. If this subject matter about how employees and management adapt to change werent predicted and then addressed, Ajax Minerals future looked bleak. Scott and Jaffe (1988) describe the process as consisting of four phases, namely: initial denial, resistance, gradual exploration, and eventual commitment. Resistance is a natural and normal response to change because change often involves going from the known to the unknown (Coghlan, 1993; Steinburg, 1992; Myers and Robbins, 1991; Nadler, 1981; Zaltman and Duncan, 1977). Not only do individuals experience change in different ways (Carnall, 1986), they also differ in their ability and willingness to adapt to change (Darling, 1993). This paper investigates whether a relationship exists between an individuals cognitive and affective processes and their willingness to adapt to major organizational change. This topic is important because the failure of many corporate change programs is often directly attributable to employee resistance (Maurer, 1997; Spiker and Lesser, 1995; Regar et al. , 1994; Martin, 1975). For example, a longitudinal study of 500 large organizations found employee resistance was the most frequently cited problem encountered by management when implementing change (Waldersee and Griffiths, 1997). More than half the organizations in that survey experienced difficulties with employee resistance. Successfully managing resistance is a major challenge for change initiators and is arguably of greater importance than any other aspect of the change process (OConnor, 1993). Management usually focuses on the technical elements of change with a tendency to neglect the equally important human element which is often crucial to the successful implementation of change The research register for this journal is available at http://www. mcbup. com/research_registers Abstract Most previous studies of organizational change and resistance take an organizational perspective as opposed to an individual perspective. This paper investigates the relationship between irrational ideas, emotion and resistance to change. Nine organizations implementing major change were surveyed providing data from 615 respondents. The analysis showed that irrational ideas are positively correlated with behavioural intentions to resist change. Irrational ideas and emotion together explain 44 percent of the variance in intentions to resist. Also outlines an intervention strategy to guide management in developing a method for approaching resistance when implementing major change. (Levine, 1997; Huston, 1992; Steier, 1989; Arendt et al. , 1995; Tessler, 1989; New and Singer, 1983). As Nord and Jermier (1994) express it, resistance is resisted rather than being purposively managed. Therefore, in order to successfully lead an organization through major change it is important for management to balance both human and organization needs (Spiker and Lesser, 1995; Ackerman, 1986). Organizational change is driven by personal change (Band, 1995; Steinburg, 1992; Dunphy and Dick, 1989). Individual change is needed in order for organizational change to succeed (Evans, 1994). This paper reports on a study that aimed to identify, measure and evaluate how human elements including cognitive and affective processes are associated with an individuals level of resistance to organizational change. Conceptual framework The conceptual model developed for this paper is illustrated in Figure. It provides a framework for empirical testing and consists of four constructs (in bold type) namely perception, cognitions, affect and resistance. The operationalized variable for each construct is also included in the model (in italic type). Figure 1 is an illustration of human processes described in the literature. For example, Schlesinger (1982) in his psychoanalytic paper entitled Resistance as process, outlines classical theory favouring the sequence: interpretation, cognition, affect and action. Ellis and Harper (1975) state that humans have four basic processes, namely, to erceive or sense, to reason or think, to feel or emote, and to move or act.

Devil in a Blue Dress Essay Example

Devil in a Blue Dress Essay The setting is in Los Angles in the year of 1948, after World War II. Easy is in Scoops bar and notices a white man, named DeWitt Albright, walk in. Easy notices that Albright is white and is dressed in all white. Easy then recalls that he is used to white people because he fought in the war (Devil 45). Soppy calls Easy over and tells him that Albright has a job for him and will give more details at another location. Easy feels that Albright does shady business and does not trust him. Easy fugues that he needs the money because he loves his home and will do anything to keep his mom. Easy would do anything to keep his home because this Is only possession he has ever had since he grew up on a sharecroppers farm. Easy goes to the location to find out more details about the job Albright has for him. Easy runs into a white man who frustrates him enough to make Easy want to rip his face off, like he had done to another white boy (59). Finally, the man grants him access and he meets with Albright after a second encounter with body guards. Albright Job for Easy is to find a light haired, blue eyed woman whose name is Daphne Monet. We will write a custom essay sample on Devil in a Blue Dress specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Devil in a Blue Dress specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Devil in a Blue Dress specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Albright was hired by another person to find Monet, but Albright goes not have the right persuasion (63). Easy is unsure of this Job and does not know what he is getting himself into because he does not want to cause any harm to anyone. Albright comforts Easy by telling him all he wants Is to know where she Is and he will him give enough money so Easy can pay his mortgage to keep his home and find him a Job after this Job Is done. Easy accepts and Albright directs him too bar that used to be a speakeasy before Prohibition was repealed, Johns place. Easy runs into a man named Junior and he begins his journey looking for Daphne. Easy and Junior converse over a few beers about Howard Greens murder. Howard Green was the chauffeur to Matthew Terra, who had recently dropped out of the running to become mayor. Junior then changes the topic to a man named Mouse and he asks Easy what ever happened to Mouse. Easy tells Junior that it has been so long I dont even remember, however Easy lies and he does remember (76). Easy recalls that he last talked to Mouse about his stepfathers and biological sons murders. Mouse murdered his stepfather and blamed It on another man Clifton. However, Mouses stepfathers son, Inveterate, did not believe that Clifton killed his ether but It was Mouse. Inveterate tried to kill Mouse but falls and he kills Inveterate Instead. After Easy Is done thinking to himself, he asks Junior about Daphne, but pretends that he does not know her real name. Junior does not know who she is, but Easy suspects Junior Is lying. Easy walks over to ten oar Ana slots next to Nils Eternal named ODell Jones. Then, Duper, a former co-worker of Easy walks into the bar along with his girlfriend Correct. The four of them have drinks and Duper passes out. Easy helps Correct put Duper to bed and Correct starts to seduce Easy. Easy at iris does not flirt back but Correct reveals that she is a friend of Daphne. They have sex, even though Easy is Dupers friend. Easy leaves when he thinks Duper is waking up. When Easy arrives home he receives a letter from Mouse. Mouse will be coming to town to visit and Easy reluctantly goes to his closet. He talks to himself and does not know why he went to his closet, maybe pack my bags and leave town. Maybe I Just wanted to hide in the closet (92). Easy falls asleep and is awakened by a call from Albright. Albright tells Easy to meet him at the Santa Monica pier. At the pier, Easy runs into a white girl named Barbara. Easy is not interested in talking with her but she makes up conversation with him because she was forced to come with her sister and is bored. Two white boys come and threaten Easy for talking to a white girl. Albright arrives to the pier and threatens one of the boys with a gun. He lets the boy go after pistol-whipping him. Easy thinks to himself that if Albright could do that to his own, he could do far worse to Easy since he is black. Easy is still unsure about Albright and wants to make sure again that no one will get rut before he tells Albright the information he has learned. Daphne was last seen with a man named Frank Green at the Playroom and tells Albright Franks address. Albright gives Easy more money and a card to where he can find a Job. Easy thinks that he will not need it because Duper told him that their boss will hire him again back at Champion, but he accepts the money and card anyways. Easy goes to Champion the next morning and runs into Duper who is looking for Correct. Easy lies, again, and tells Duper he went home after putting Duper on the bed. When Easy meets with his boss, Mr.. Giaconda, he tells him that if he were white, he would have not fired him but Joked about asking him to stay late. Easy calls him by saying mister but does not get the same respect from Mr.. Giaconda. Easy demands that Mr.. Giaconda call him by Mr.. Rawlins instead of Easy and Mr.. Giaconda consents, but still cannot offer a Job to Easy. Easy is happy even though he did not get his Job back because his bills were paid and it felt good to have stood up for myself (112). Easy returns home by noon and notices a car parked across the street from his mom. Two white men approach him and take him down to the police station. Easy is put into an interrogation room and is scared because they are not following a routine by putting him in a holding cell. They question where Easy was on Thursday early morning and if he fought with Duper. Easy tells him that he got drunk and took Duper back to Corvettes home and did not argue with Duper. After Easy is beat up, the officers let him go and has to walk back home since public transportation stops at six. Easy starts walking towards Johns place and a car pulls up next to him. Easy does not want to get into the car but the man in the back seat tells him that he knows why he was interrogated by the police. He gets into the car and meets a white man named Matthew Terra, the man who pulled out of the mayors race. Terra is very interested in the whereabouts of Daphne but Easy pretends that he does not know who Terra is talking about. Easy notices a strange shadow in the car and Terra tells the Mexican boy to come out. Easy notices that the DOD Is very alert Ana clangs onto learn. learn teen asks ass T nee Knows tout Howard Green and if Correct said anything about Howard. Easy lies about not knowing who Howard is, but tells the truth that Correct did not mention Howard. Terns driver takes Easy to Johns place and offers him money, but he will not take it because he does not want to touch anything that man has touched. A woman named Hattie greets Easy when he arrives at Johns place. When Hattie finds out where Easy has been, she asks if it was about Correct. Easy is confused and Hattie tells him that Correct was murdered Just like how Howard was murdered. Easy asks if Hattie can get ODell for him, who gives him a ride back home. ODell advises Easy to leave town when they arrive at Eases home because of the murders that have been happening. Easy looks at his home and refuses to leave town. Easy drinks a lot before falling asleep because he is haunted by Correct. He is awakened by a phone call from Junior and he suddenly remembers that he saw Daphne and Frank together at Johns place. Easy pretends not to care, hangs up on Junior, and falls back asleep. Again, Easy is awakened by another phone call but this time it is Daphne, who has a mild French accent. Two days before, Correct tells Daphne that she wants money from her otherwise she will tell Easy about her whereabouts. Easy then breaks the news to Daphne that Correct is dead and was beaten to death. Daphne is shocked and must go see her friend but needs Easy to drive her there because she gave all the money she had to Correct. When they arrive at Daphne friends home they find him dead, stabbed in the back and Easy notices something on the floor and picks it up. Daphne is leaving in the dead mans car and kisses Easy before she leaves town and tells Easy to do the same. Easy notices that Daphne has a southern accent now, not a French one. In chapter fourteen, Easy is talking to the voice in his head. He is wondering if he should leave like ODell and Daphne suggested, but he does not want to leave his home. The voice in his head tells him he needs to stand up for himself and not let people walk all over him otherwise he will be dead by next Wednesday. This voice has been helping Easy survive ever since the army and is what keeps him alive after all of the dangerous situations he has encountered and will encounter till the end of the book. Work Cited Moslem, Walter. Devil in a Blue Dress. New York: Pocket, 1990. Print. DOD Is very alert Ana clangs onto learn. learn teen as

Berlese Funnel Lab Report Essay Example

Berlese Funnel Lab Report Essay Example Berlese Funnel Lab Report Paper Berlese Funnel Lab Report Paper Antonio Berryless was an Italian entomologist. He worked on pest insects (arthropods), usually those of fruit trees. Arthropods are the most successful animals on the planet. They make up over three. Fourths of all currently known living and fossil organisms. But, many still remained undocumented. Berryless funnels are used for extracting arthropods from soil and litter samples such as our leaf litter. They are supposed to prove that insects that normally live in soil or litter will respond negatively to light. That is why we place the cognomens lamp above the funnels. There are many different ways to make a Berryless funnel and you can also purchase them according to how big you would like them. An alternative to the Berryless funnel is a Hinkler Sack. It is usually made of fabric and can be folded to take up even less space when not in use. They do not require a powered light source because without it the arthropods will still move downwards through the samples and eventually fall into a container of ethanol. Materials: Fields Components: 4 Flags index card clipboard tape measure field guide to trees and shrubs pencil and paper one-gallon copilot bag poster board and making tape (Berryless funnel) gloves Laboratory Components: compound microscope spoilsport alcohol dissecting (binocular) microscope Berryless funnel (Constructed day one) depression slide cognomens lamp Petri dish inning stand pipette of dropper 250 ml beaker identification guides to arthropods Procedures: Day 1 Make Berryless funnel out of poster board and tape with small bottom opening to trap leaf litter but allow arthropods to drop out Place in ring stand Set up a cognomens lamp that shines directly on lead litter Place beaker underneath funnel and ring stand Walked out to designated forest area on campus Measure out a SOCIO meter square and mark each edge with a flag.

Thesis Topic Effect of bullying in childhood on the future of a person Essay

Thesis Topic Effect of bullying in childhood on the future of a person - Essay Example Thus if there is a question as to if bullying behavior continues into adulthood, then from which age it continues will be question that will remain unanswered. Therefore, if any intervention is designed to change a psychosocial parameter in the school age children in order to prevent bullying behavior in the adulthood, that remains questionable since literature also suggests bullying behavior in the childhood is determined by may age-specific psychosocial parameters that can be changed. In other words, since isolation of influence of student age on the effect on bullying involvement and school climate has not been addressed in this study, this part of the bullying behavior will remain unanswered. While physical behaviors are overt, it must be remembered that relational type behaviors remain covert in school-age children. Some studies have shown that these covert behaviors are difficult to discern both by patents at home and teachers at school. Childhood relational aggressions are les s likely to be reported, while they are also bullying behaviors (Solberg and Olweus, 2003). Since prevalence of bullying in childhood is a relational determinant of the adulthood bullying behavior, accurate estimates of both are necessary to establish a relationship if there is any. Prevalence of bullying is highly dependent on the behaviors studied and how questions about bullying are framed and asked (Hawkins et al., 2005). Childhood bullying has been hypothesized to be a specific type of antisocial behavior that can yield adult antisocial personality disorder. However, there are cases of adulthood antisocial personality disorders which may have no bullying history. From the psychiatric point of view, the aggressive behavior in the childhood may continue similarly in the adulthood due to persistence of impairments of both the recognition of emotional stimuli and cognitive control of emotional behavior. Therefore, it can be argued that these problems may arise de novo in the adulthood, and if it originates in the childhood bullying is just a manifestation of this problem. The ignorance of social and environmental factors in development factors in development and continuation of bullying may turn out to be the most important fallacy in the whole proposition, and this study will fail to answer this, as to how these are related to future behavioral deviance (Mason et al., 2004). As this study shows, although there are aggression and behavioral problems in both the bully and the bully victims, there is a definite higher risk of adverse long-term psychopathologic outcomes trailing into the adulthood in cases of the bully victims. Studies have also shown that bully victim groups were more vulnerable for development of deviant behavioral problems in the adulthood. Although the findings from this study suggest that both bullying and victimization during early school years can be taken as public health signs of identification of subjects who are at risk of suffering psychiatric disorders in early adulthood, the causal relationship of both separately can be difficult to establish with the same rationale (Fekkes et al., 2004). This study cannot answer this question as to how

Feminism Film Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Feminism Film Art History - Essay Example Blackmail (1929) is a story of a shopkeeper’s daughter Alice and her detective fiancà ©. At a wider perspective, the plot of the film can be well viewed from a feminist perspective as well. Blackmail is also a story of a women fighting against law and the issues of deconstructing a body of a women to a mere commodity and finding an alibi of art for the gratification of sexual appetite. It is the violence that has been taken into consideration repeatedly in the film through cinematic aesthetics. Also for Modleski, the interpretation of various scenes in the film can be interpreted from various dimensions. The studio incident with Alice and her assault is viewed in the light of sexual violence inflicted upon women where as a male critic can view it from an aesthetic of a body and its intricacies. Blackmail is a story with a women and her consciousness at the central plane and a delicate problem as well as relation of a woman and law. On one hand, the film’s central projection is on the punishment of woman for the reason of subordinating the law for her own desire and also for flaunting the bond that ties her with it which is her engagement with a member of the police force. On the other plane, we are presented with a more complicated relationship between the law and woman and also its abrupt failure to accommodate an experience of lady in patriarchal society. Modleski strongly raises the issue of attempted rape and silencing of women. Modleski contends that Alice is not provided with a voice rather she is objectified. She indicates that the painting of the Jester is used deliberately to put women on the realm of an inferior sex. Jester becomes the icon, the archetypal of male dominated society representing himself as a laughing male to both Alice and her fiancà © Frank. Jester again stops Alice and condemns her from laughing at the end of the film. He also reminds Frank of his deceiving fiancà ©

Week 3-Individual small Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Week 3-Individual small - Assignment Example nvolved in the creation of Affordable Care Act mainly include reviewing whether there lays the necessity of making any sort of change in the current health insurance plans and identifying the new subsidies that may help in providing any sort of financial assistance among others. In contrast, the steps followed in the generation of Clinton Healthcare Reforms generally included making healthcare coverage plans that are affordable to all, making quality improvements in treatment procedures and bringing simplicity in the procedure among others (Cannan, 2013). It can be affirmed that the step of communicating the Americans about the message about the affordability of effective healthcare insurance plans eventually contributed in making the failure of Clinton Healthcare Reforms. Conversely, the step i.e. modernizing as well as upgrading the existing healthcare system in the US eventually emerged as one of the success factors of Affordable Care Act (Cannan, 2013). The stakeholders of both Clinton Healthcare Reforms and Affordable Care Act can be ascertained as corporate leaders, industry shareholders along with centrist academics and most vitally the community members prevailing within varied societies in the US (Cannan, 2013). The Institute for HealthCare Consumerism. (2014). What is the difference between Obama and Clintons health care plans? Retrieved from

Section 31, Children Act 1989 Threshold Criteria

Section 31, Children Act 1989 Threshold Criteria Before a court can make a care order, it must be satisfied that the ‘threshold criteria’ in Section 31 of the Children Act 1989 have been met.[1] The order must also promote the welfare of the child.[2] The main effect of a care order is to give parental responsibility for the child to the local authority.[3] If a care order is made, the child can be removed by the local authority at any time.[4] The threshold criteria, therefore, play a significant role in that they prevent care orders being made simply based on what is in the best interests of the child.[5] However, as this paper will demonstrate, the threshold for state intervention at various stages of the child protection process has been extremely controversial. Section 31 Children Act 1989: Threshold Criteria One of the great problems in the law of child protection is that if the wrong decision is made, great harm may result. As Bainham said: â€Å"The law in this area has to strike a careful balance between enabling the protection of children at risk of harm, with protecting the rights to respect for family life for children and their parents†[6] Not surprisingly, there is substantial case law on the interpretation of s.31 of the Children Act 1989 and the House of Lords have considered their interpretation in some important cases which will be assessed afterwards.[7] An analysis would be made about whether the courts have interpreted the threshold criteria in a strict or lax way. If interpreted in a strict way, this would imply that it would be more problematic for the local authority to satisfy the grounds for a care order. Under the first limb of threshold, the local authority must show that the â€Å"child concerned is suffering, or is likely to suffer, significant harm† when applying for a care order.[8] Although quite straightforward, there have been concerns about when the alleged state of affairs must be shown to exist.[9] ‘Is suffering’ In Re M[10], the key issue was the meaning of ‘is’ in the threshold criteria. In this case, the children’s father had murdered their mother. Three of the four children were placed with their aunt. The remaining child was placed with foster carers, but later joined her aunt. However, the local authority still wanted a care order just in case it became necessary to remove the child from the aunt’s house. By the time the case came to court, it was hard to say that the child was, at that time, suffering from significant harm or that she was likely to. Their Lordships hence explained that the correct test was â€Å"whether the child was suffering from significant harm at the time when the local authority first intervened†.[11] Given that interpretation of the threshold, this was clearly satisfied. That decision is clearly correct, as their Lordships indicated or else it would be difficult for the local authority to obtain a care order in cases where child ren were put in excellent care.[12] It was a lax interpretation of the threshold criteria as a strict interpretation would have made the law hard to operate. ‘Likely to suffer significant harm’ The alternative ground on which the local authority can satisfy the first limb of the threshold criteria under s.31(2)(a) of the Children Act 1989 is the likelihood of future significant harm. One of the major issues that local authorities encounter is that predictions that child abuse will occur are difficult to make. Removing a child on the ground of speculative harm is controversial as it is impossible to know whether or not the harm would occur.[13] In Re H[14], there were several issues for the court. The first was the meaning of ‘likely’. Their Lordships held that ‘likely’ meant that significant harm was a ‘real possibility’.[15] It was not necessary to show that the harm was probable in the sense of ‘more likely than not’.[16] This is a notably lax interpretation of the threshold criteria. They also held that it must be shown, on the balance of probabilities, that the threshold was satisfied. They rejected the view that the criminal burden of proof should be applied. However, rather confusingly, Lord Nicholls said that â€Å"where there was a more serious allegation, more evidence would be required to establish it on a balance of probability than a case of a less serious allegation†.[17] This dicta was reconsidered by the court in Re B[18] where their Lordships made it clear that Lord Nicholls was not suggesting that, in cases of serious abuse, the criminal burden of proof should be used.[19] The civil balance of proof should be applied in all cases under the Children Act 1989. Instead, what Lord Nicholls implied, was that â€Å"some allegations will be inherently unlikely and they will require more evidence to establish them than others†. This interpretation was followed in Re S-B[20]. This aspect of the decision in Re B and Re H is perhaps best viewed as a lax interpretation, although it is probably not as lax as it could have been. Requiring a criminal burden of proof would have indeed made it very difficult for the local authority to obtain a care order. However, Lord Nicholls’ approach to the standard of proof, as well as its wider implications for protecting children at risk of harm has attracted strong academic criticism. Re B also confirmed another aspect of the decision in Re H. Risk of significant harm can only be established based on ‘primary facts’ which would then have to be proved on the balance of probabilities. Mere suspicions are not sufficient. In Re H, a 15 year old girl alleged that she had been raped by her stepfather. The local authority sought a care order in respect of the girl’s three younger siblings who continued to live with the man. There was a strong suspicion that the older girl had been abused and that the younger girls were at risk of being harmed. However, as it had not been proved on the balance of probabilities that the girl had been abused, no primary facts had been proved and thus, no care order was granted. As Lord Hoffman in Re B stated, â€Å"either a fact happened or it did not and there was nothing in between†. If there are no facts to support a finding of risk of future harm, the court is powerless to proceed.[21] This is, undoubtedly, a strict interpretation of the threshold criteria. The majority of their Lordships saw this issue in terms of parental rights; parents should not have their children removed on the basis of suspicions. However, it is suggested that this is not a safe approach to risk taking with children.[22] The reason why it is unsafe is that it would be very difficult for the local authority to safeguard a child’s right to be protected from abuse even when there is a serious risk of danger. As this analysis suggests, there are evidential problems and difficulties of predicting the future. The problems of proof partly explain the lengthy delays which can occur in child protection proceedings.[23] With the introduction of the Children and Families Act 2014, there is now a 26-week time limit for completing care proceedings with the possibility of extending the time limit for up to 8 weeks, if this is necessary to resolve the proceedings justly.[24] However, an important issue that arises here is whether this is achievable in complex cases. ‘Timescales can end up replacing professional judgment’.[25] ‘Harm attributable to the care given or likely to be given or the child’s being beyond parental control’ Uncertainty about who caused harm to the child is also another issue which local authorities and courts generally encounter.[26] The issue of the ‘unknown perpetrator’ was addressed in the case of Lancashire CC v B[27]. In this case, it was clear that the child had suffered harm. However, it was not clear whether it was the parent or the child minder who had caused harm to the child. Their Lordships held that as long as it was clear that the abuse was caused by a parent or a child minder, it did not matter which had perpetrated the abuse. On the other hand, where it is not clear whether the harm was caused by a parent or someone who was not a primary carer of the child, then no care order could be made. Although the House of Lords provided a clear guidance on when the threshold criteria would be satisfied in the case of an ‘unknown perpetrator’, they provided limited guidance on how the court should deal with an unknown perpetrator when deciding whether a ca re order should be granted.[28] Their Lordships returned to that issue in Re O and N[29], where it was emphasised that â€Å"just because the threshold criteria was satisfied, it did not automatically mean that a care order had to be made†. In one of the appeal cases, it was evident that the child was harmed by one of the parents, who had since separated. The child lived with the mother. The issue for their Lordships was whether the suspicions that the harm may have been caused by the mother should be considered. Their Lordships held that suspicions could be considered at the welfare stage. Lord Nicholls however emphasised that social workers should be careful in such cases to treat the parents as potential perpetrators, not proved perpetrators. Therefore, in Re S-B, it was confirmed that if both parents were possible perpetrators, the court might decide to remove the child as they were at risk of harm. It is therefore submitted that in Lancashire, the House of Lords took a noticeably lax interpretation of t he threshold criteria as the children could be removed from their parents even if they did not perpetrate the abuse. However, it was probably not as lax as it could have been as it was necessary to show that a primary carer of the child was harming the child. ‘Significant harm’ Even if the facts are known, there is much controversy over how much suffering the child should face before the local authority could intervene. Harm is very widely defined in s.31(9) of the Children Act 1989 as the â€Å"ill-treatment or the impairment of health or development.† ‘Health’ means ‘physical and mental health’. ‘Development’ includes â€Å"physical, intellectual, emotional or behavioural development†. As a result of the Adoption and Children Act 2002, the definition of ‘harm’ also includes the ‘impairment suffered by hearing or seeing the ill-treatment of another’. The legislation, however, does not define the line between ‘harm’ and ‘significant harm’. The Court of Appeal in Re C (A Child)[30] explained that to be significant, the harm had to be â€Å"great enough to justify the local authority interfering in the autonomous life of the family†. The test will therefore be subjective to the particular circumstances. This raises many questions. If a local authority finds that a child is living in a house where the family’s diet is unhealthy and where the children spend all their time in front of the television, what should be done? Joanna Nicolas, a child protection consultant, believes that â€Å"obesity should also be treated as a form of abuse as any type of under-feeding is, because of the physical impact on the child, the implications for their future health and the psychological impact.†[31] However, many would argue that this kind of situation is not sufficiently serious to justify intervention. This puts social workers in a difficult situation as they do not know in which circumstances it will be appropria te for them to intervene. Ward LJ also stresses the importance of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights when assessing the significance of the harm, highlighting that Article 8 requires that there must be a ‘†relevant and sufficient† reason for crossing the threshold’.[32] Additionally, if the state is to intervene in a child’s life, the level of state intervention must be proportionate to the risk that the child is suffering. There is a danger that a child who is genuinely suffering will be known to the local authority, but never, quite, be regarded as suffering sufficiently to justify intervention. In Re MA[33], the local authority found that a girl, who was not the biological daughter of the parents, had been badly treated by them. However, no care order was granted in respect of the parents’ other children as their Lordships found that there was no sufficient evidence of a risk of significant harm to their natural children. The decision in this case is controversial as the parents demonstrated a capacity for cruelty and thus gave rise to a real possibility that they would harm their own children. In deciding whether the child is suffering from ‘significant harm’, the ‘child’s health or development must be compared with that which could reasonably be expected of a ‘similar child’.[34] There are a number of issues in regards to the ‘similar child’ test. There is particular controversy over the extent to which the cultural background of the child should be taken into account.[35] It is also unclear to which extent the characteristics or capabilities of the parents should be considered. Reforms and recommendations For the last 40 years, several reforms have been intended to improve the law on ‘child protection’ and compensate for failures in practice. Many of these reforms responded to the cumulative evidence inspections and high-profile reviews into children’s deaths including: the 1974 Maria Colwell inquiry which led to the Area Review Committees, the 1988 Cleveland inquiry which formed the early versions of the statutory guidance Working Together To Safeguard Children and the Victoria Climbià © Report which contributed to the Every Child Matters green paper with recommended policies designed to ensure that it never happened again. Since the individual reforms of the past have all seemed intelligent and well-designed, it seems puzzling that they have not achieved their intended goals.[36] It is submitted that there may have been too many unnecessary targets. Instead of addressing existing practical problems, such as poor system management and inadequate funding, the prev ious reforms have focussed too much on the process of case management and increasing regulation. This may have impeded the real issue of child protection. The Munro report has provided some interesting recommendations to improve the law on child protection with particular focus on early intervention, the transparency and accountability of the system and the expertise of the social work profession. In conclusion, it is submitted that there is no consistent theme in the approach of their Lordships in regards to the threshold criteria. There is however increasing evidence to suggest that the thresholds need to be lower. Witnesses from the courts found little or no evidence of inappropriate removal of children and many instances where earlier removal would have been appropriate.[37] This is backed by academic research. Professor Ward noted that â€Å"there is substantial evidence that many children remain for too long with or are returned to abusive and neglectful families with insufficient support.[38] Word Count: 2500 Bibliography Primary Sources Cases Lancashire CC v B [2000] 1 FCR 509 Re B (Children) (Care Proceedings: Standard of Proof) [2008] UKHL 35 Re C (A Child) [1993] 1 FLR 257 Re D (Care: Threshold Criteria) [1998] Fam Law 656 Re D (A Child) (Care Order: Evidence) [2010] EWCA Civ 1000 Re H and Others (minors) (sexual abuse: standard of proof) [1996] AC 563 Re L (Children) [2006] EWCA Civ 1282 Re M (A Minor) (Care Order: Threshold Conditions) [1994] 2 FLR 577 Re MA (Care Threshold) [2009] EWCA Civ 853 Re O and N (Children) (Non-accidental injury) [2003] 1 FCR 673 Re O (A Minor) (Care Order: Education: Procedure) [1992] 4 All ER 905 Re P (Care Proceedings) [2012] EWCA Civ 401 Re S-B (Children) [2009] UKSC 17 Re T (A Child) (Care Order) [2009] 2 FCR 367 Statutes and statutory instruments Adoption and Children Act 2002 Children Act 1989 Children Act 2004 Children and Families Act 2014 Secondary Sources Books Herring J, Family Law (6th edition, Pearson Education Ltd, 2013) Harris-Short S and Miles J, Family Law: Text, Cases and Materials (2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2011) Journal articles Bainham A, ‘Striking the Balance in Child Protection’ [2009] CLJ 42 Hayes M, ‘Uncertain Evidence and Risk-Taking in Child Protection Cases’ [2004] CLFQ 63 Keating H, ‘Shifting Standards in the House Of Lords’ [1996] CFLQ 157 Lowe N and Cobley C, ‘The statutory â€Å"threshold† under Section 31 of the Children Act 1989-time to take a stock’ LQR 396 Masson J, ‘Reforming Care Proceedings- Time for a Review’ [2007] CLFQ 411 Websites Department for Education, ‘Landmark Children and Families Act 2014 gains royal assent’ (Press release, 13 March 2014)

Essay --

Chapter 11; Question 4 1. What term denotes punishment by execution of someone officially judged to have committed a serious crime? The term that denotes the punishment by execution of someone officially judged to have committed a serious crime is capital punishment. Capital punishment is now defined as when a person commits a serious crime such as first-degree murder or for intentional killing of a police officer. In the past times the Western world used capital punishment for crimes such as witchcraft, rape, treason, kidnapping, murder, and many other acts that were deemed criminal offenses. Until recent decades, a lot of states in the United States of America practiced this form of punishment, but many of them have decided to use capital sentences aka death penalty for more serious crimes such as the case of State of NH vs. Michael Addison which involved the intentional killing of a Manchester N.H. police officer because of the controversial arguments that surrounds the ethical concerns with the death penalty sentence. Unfortunately, the judicial system has too many flaws and is not 100% fool proof to prevent the unjustifiable conviction and execution of a wrongly accused person so most convicted death row inmates spend many years in jail before the capital punishment sentence is carried out, to allow the proper legal rights of the accused to be carried out. The methods of execution that has been used through the many years are: âž ¢ Hanging- it is the method that a rope noose is put around the criminal’s neck and a platform they are standing on was removed from beneath them. âž ¢ Firing squad- a group of armed shooters lined up and the accused would stand, blindfolded and upon command the armed shooters would shoot several rounds ... ...Marriage'." CNS News.com. N.p., 9 Dec. 2013. Web. 17 Dec. 2013. . Catholic News Service. "The Catholic Church, Homosexuality and Gay Marriage." The Catholic Church, Homosexuality and Gay Marriage. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2013. . "First Degree Murder Law & Legal Definition." First Degree Murder Law & Legal Definition. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2013. . "Lethal Injection Procedures." Lethal Injection Procedures. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2013. . "Methods of Execution: Gas Chamber."Methods of Execution: Gas Chamber. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2013.

Environmental Geology Essay

In 2006, seismic researchers can predict the location and direction of earthquakes by merely 10 to 20 minutes before it happens. Researchers use ultrasounds to assess earthquakes faster. Precise ultrasound images were recorded from the fault which is ruptured and the direction the rupture goes (American Institute of Physics [AIP], 2006). In 2008, seismic researchers can now predict earthquakes with much more preciseness and earlier than other previous equipments. A researcher from Rice University named Fenglin Nui and some of his colleagues are currently working on some experiments that can detect earthquake in a much earlier time. The method they use is detecting P-waves with the use of some super sensitive instrument called the Seismic Stress Meter. P-waves are the fastest of all the waves associated with earthquakes (Rice University, 2008). 2. (20 pts) What are the lessons learned from the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China? What are the lessons learned from the 1985 Mexican earthquake? Discuss. The destructive earthquake that hit Sichuan region in China brought lessons that seismic researchers deem helpful in predicting earthquakes. Sichuan region is located in highly mountainous area that is active and could be attributed to the earthquake hazard that happened. Topographic analysis can now help scientists to assess area that has high risks of having earthquakes (Pennsylvania State University, 2008). The destructive earthquakes in Mexico City made a realization for a civil engineers association. They all realized that their building codes where buildings are designed to be built still are of no level with the earthquake intensities in Mexico. A problem arises when the soft clay layer of the ground was struck by the earthquake. The soft clay layer of ground started to transmit more movements higher than what engineers have expected. The ground shook buildings in Mexico much longer than what is expected (Peterson, 1986). 3. (15 pts) Discuss the 2008/2009 Chaiten volcanic eruptions in Chile. What are the implications of this natural disaster on the local residents? Chaiten volcanic eruption was one that local residents never expected to happen. The Chaiten volcano was said to be dormant for almost 10,000 years now. But surprisingly and unexpectedly, the volcano has shown activity and after a few days it erupted. Many residents were evacuated from near the volcano. About 4000 people within 6 mile radius from southern region of Chile were evacuated. The town near the volcano was almost buried in ashes just like what happened to Pompeii when Mount Vesuvius erupted. The sudden eruption after a long sleep gave residents fear of the volcano erupting again at any given time (University of Colorado, 2008). 4. (15 pts) Explain two different measures that can be taken to prevent, or at least minimize, the occurrence of landslides. One of the most effective measures that can be taken to prevent occurrences of landslides is through afforestation. Trees can greatly contribute to minimizing numbers of landslides in many ways. Trees can help absorb water from the soil. Water is said to be one of the main cause of landslides. Another is that trees can hold the soil firmly in the ground also minimizing the landslide occurrences. Another measure that can be used to prevent landslides is by creating levees or dykes. In this method, landslides are prevented by building walls usually near rivers which regulates water levels that cause the landslides (People’s Daily Online, 2000). 5. (10 pts) What is the mechanical paradox implied by long runout landslides? Heavy rain is said to have started landslides. So, one might think that landslides move and accelerate together with water. The long runout landslides are really caused by heavy rains but there is really no water associated with the movement and acceleration of landslides. The movement and acceleration of landslides are associated with the pressure vibrations called the acoustic fluidization. As the land slides pressure vibrations were generated making a frictionless effect to the ground which causes the land mass to move like a fluid (Collins and Melosh, 2007). References American Institute of Physics. (2006, April 1) Real-Time Quake Detection:Seismologists Use Ultrasounds to Assess Quakes Faster. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 27, 2009 from http://www. sciencedaily. com/videos/2006/0406-realtime_quake_detection. htm Collins, G. and Melosh, H. (2007, July 15). Acoustic Fluidization and the Extraordinary Mobility of Sturzstroms. Retrieved March 27, 2009 from http://amcg. ese. ic. ac. uk/~gareth/publications/abstracts/lpsc03b. pdf Pennsylvania State University. (2008, July 24). Chinese Earthquake Provides Lessons For Future. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 27, 2009, from http://www. sciencedaily. com ¬

Sun Tzu The Art of War essays

Sun Tzu The Art of War essays Sun Tzu was a Chinese general from around 500 B.C. A collection of essays on the art of war is attributed to Sun Tzu. These are the earliest know treatises on the subject. Two thousand five hundred years ago these principles were a novel. Back then war was very disorganized and more or less a giant free-for-all, and for what is known, organized military strategy did not exist At least in written from until The Art of War. There is a story about Sun Tzu and it said that he commended an army of thirty thousand men in a battle against an army of two hundred thousand men and won. Had his opponent know of his principles or had some of his own, the outcome would most likely been different. Sun Tzu was unknown to his contemporaries until he wrote the Art of War. The Manuscript brought him attention from King Ho Lu, who appointed him to the rank of general. With his military genius and strategies he became a legendary figure in his own time. We must realize that Sun Tzu was not a businessman, a strategy game enthusiast, or a diplomat he was fighting real wars in ancient China. It was not till later on in the history humanity when we began to apply the teachings in his manuscript to mental wars than physical wars. The Art of War is divided into thirteen chapter and their names are: Laying Plans, Waging War, Attack By Stratagem, Tactical Dispositions, Energy, Weak Points And Strong, Maneuvering, Variation In Tactics, The Army On The March, Terrain, The Nine Situations, The Attack By Fire, and finally The Use Of Spies. There are a growing number of translations on the art of war mostly titled Sun Tzu The Art of War but you can find the wording reversed. Sun Tzu is some times referred to as Sun Wu, and Sun Tzi. Written more than Two Thousand Five Hundred years ago, Sun Tzus The Art of War is the first known study of the planning and conduct of military ...