Ideals and Values for 12th Century Medieval Aristocrats

Chrà ©tien de Troyes’ Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart, told a tale of a mighty knight. It has the air, to us, of fable. It was of fabrication as two cults of the time, courtly love and honor, dominated the story. These cults were parts of a set of medieval aristocratic ideals and values. Within this set, the cults had supportive notions of hospitality, oaths, service, and military prowess. Courtly love pushed the tale into existence when Lancelot stepped onto the cart and courtly love pushed the tale to completion with the death of Meleagant at the hands of Lancelot. Lancelot put into motion these actions. Lancelot’s love for Queen Guinevere bound him to honorable displays of his devotion to her.Chrà ©tien’s tale began with Meleagant’s appearance at King Arthur’s court at Camelot. He informed King Arthur that :â€Å"†¦King,If you have a single knightIn this court of yours you can trustTo take your queen to the woods,Where I’ll be goi ng when I’m finishedHere, then I’ll agreeTo let him have those prisonersI’ve got in my dungeons, providedHe can defeat me in battle,It being understoodThat possession of your queen is the prizeFor victory.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (lines 69-80).Those at court did not immediately secure the return of the Queen. She was gone. Chrà ©tien soon related how a knight (Lancelot) jumped into a cart driven by a dwarf. Those having committed criminal or despicable acts occupied such a cart in those days. Lancelot entered the cart since the dwarf promised to later reveal the whereabouts of the Queen. Chrà ©tian noted :†¦and the knightFollowed along behindFor several steps, not climbingRight up. But his hesitant shameWas wrong. †¦(360-364).This delay on the part of Lancelot came back to thwart his efforts when he had gotten the release of the Queen from her captor. She said :â€Å"Indeed? Didn’t the cartShame you the least little bit?You must have hesitated,For you lingered a good two steps.And that, you see, was my soleReason for ignoring your presence.†Ã‚   (4491-4496).This rigidity characterized the cult of honor as exemplified by Lancelot’s actions. If an affair of honor came about, then the knight must perform in the honorable way. Yet there were levels of honor as when Meleagant, described as a pitiless brave fool, subscribed to a higher honor of battling Lancelot at King Arthur’s court in a year’s time and agreed to forgo combat at an earlier time (3886-3895).Chrà ©tien saw that honor in service to love ignored common sense and reason. Reason did not include in its realm the working of the heart. Love had its way. For love’s commands, even shame endured. Deep in reflection, Lancelot had no defense against love. He did completely forget himself. An opponent challenged Lancelot three times before crossing a stream. The opponent struck Lancelot with Lancelot still in love’s command. The opponent ha d unfairly struck him. Lancelot wanted to avenge this disturbance of his revery (891-893). Outside revery he was in a fair enough way but his one and only heart he entrusted to some one else such that he was constrained in a special manner (1231-1248).   He found the Queen’s comb. It had strands of her hair and he was ecstatic:Touching them a hundred thousandTimes, caressing with his eves,His lips, his forehead, his face.And all of it brings him happiness,Fills him with the richest delight;He presses it into his breast,Slips it between his shirtAnd his heart – worth more than a wagon-Load of emeralds or diamonds, (1470-1478).Later, in traversing the sword bridge, the blade cut so as to maim him but the suffering was sweet since love led him on and relieved his pain (3115-3122). Still later a distraught Lancelot, thinking that the Queen is dead, attempted to kill himself by hanging himself from his saddle by means of his belt (4264-4268).Honor had its greatest demands made upon it by love but it spanned also military activity for which the knights were constantly prepared. In this preparation, a generous hospitality aided them that mostly included horses (284-289), beds (458-463), and food. For the first two, they had a choice. The mistress of a house offered Lancelot the house and the mistress of the house (938-949).Thus prepared, their military valor was a pledge, an oath, which they must uphold. A knight could be in the grip of another knight and not fight correctly; so the second knight asked to release the first knight. Then the second knight could recover his military equipment and they could then fight in the approved manner (839-852). The more honor gained in combat, the better. Accompanying a damsel involved an unspoken oath and was a very serious business since the knight was then responsible for her.A challenging knight could assault her with impunity if a challenging knight defeated the escorting knight (1304-1322). Mercy could be gr anted for the about to be vanquished but this usually entailed an oath be taken. The one who granted mercy redeemed this oath to their benefit. If one had an oath to carry out, then could not do it, there could be shame of a great dimension when another knight did the deed (4013-4019). Knights sometimes honored a pledge, for honor’s sake, even though it seemed not in the best interests of most of those involved as when Kay sought to have the Queen accompany him into the forest where a knight awaited :The king was upset, but his wordHad been given, and he could not revoke it,No matter how angry and sorrowfulIt made him (which was easy to see).The queen, too, was deeplyDispleased, and the whole palaceDenounced Kay’s pride and presumptionIn making such a demand. (179-186).Again, it could be a combatant who would not continue the fight if pledged by his lady to cease. Then the other knight must not force a continuance then and there by striking the one who no longer lifts a weapon. Meleagant, for example, struck Lancelot.   The Queen had requested Lancelot to stop fighting:  The king came hurrying downFrom the tower, to stop him. StraightTo the field of battle he went,Speaking these words to his son:â€Å"What’s this? You think it’s fineTo go on fighting, afterHe’s stopped? You act like a savage!† (3824-3831).The truth of the matter is that Lancelot only appeared to give up. In truth he was doing what his lady had requested of him. Later her captors said she was lying about bloodied sheets (4788-4798). This was a most grievous charge and so combat was called for. Holy relics came out and, on their knees, the parties involved did swear. Truth in other matters was another preoccupation of the aristocrats that Chrà ©tien wrote about. There were standards of truth against which the knights and others could measure their conduct. To seek death in ignorance was the action of a fool.   A fool too was one who does not truly humble oneself. A fool never lost his folly. Those nobles, not fools, did not need to seek praise to enhance their deeds and self praise did not increase one’s esteem. The madness of a fool had no cure:â€Å"Who do you think believes you?†Said the king. â€Å"All these peopleCan tell for themselves what’s trueAnd False. We know you’re lying.† (3841-3844).Far from the fool was the man as lover who was always obedient and gladly did his lover’s bidding in short order. He knew much about love and included in this knowledge was that honor done for love entailed no shame. Should something greatly go amiss, he would not fear death. Death desired those who were afraid of it (4283-4284).Before death there were dwarfs. Lancelot encountered two dwarfs in the tale. Neither one was up to any good. The first, described as a â€Å"Low-born and disgusting† dwarf (353) did lead Lancelot astray. The dwarf lied as to knowing the Queen’s whereab outs but did convince Lancelot to enter the cart. The other dwarf encountered Lancelot on Lancelot’s approach to the water bridge. The dwarf promised to take Lancelot to a special place (5081-5084). This dwarf also lied.No one said anything about what happened to the dwarfs. Presumably, they received a suitable fate for their unbecoming behavior. Perhaps death found them soon enough without their heads. It seemed that beheading was the surefire way to ensure that the one on their way out did indeed depart. Lancelot did battle with an enemy and after having vanquished him, a woman wants the opponent’s head. Lancelot obliges :One swing of the sword, the headWas off, and it and the bodyFell to the ground. And the girlWas happy†¦.(2927-2930).The headless one wronged her. Lancelot had already showed mercy to the opponent. Then again the opponent had pleaded for mercy. Then too the opponent had been most impertinent with Lancelot. So the upshot of this battle was the da msel was pleased and the opponent lost his head.Another beheading occurred at the end of the tale. Meleagant reflected on how it was that Lancelot had made his way to Camelot. Meleagant had thought he had locked Lancelot in a tower from which there could be no escape. He realized that he was a victim of trickery. He was ready for something worse than great shame and humiliation (6967-6969).   In his battle with Lancelot he lost his right arm. He felt badly since he then could not strike Lancelot. Then he was smashed in the face by Lancelot. Three teeth are broken in his mouth. His state enraged him to the extent he could not speak and so did not seek mercy. Lancelot cut off his head. It was finished :And let me assure you, no oneWho was there, watching the battle,Felt the slightest pity.The king and his courtiers and ladiesWere fairly jumping for joy (7099-7103). Works CitedChrà ©tien de Troyes. Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart. Trans. Burton Raffel. New Haven & London: Yale Univ ersity Press ,1997.

Lamb to the Slaughter Essay

Drama and suspense, one of the most important things an author needs in their story to keep their audience entertained. Without these two elements in a story or movie, the audience would easily get bored. In order to build drama and suspense certain literary devices are required. In the short story, â€Å"Lamb to Slaughter†, the author Roald Dahl builds up this dramatic story by using imagery, irony, and strong character interaction, thus creating suspense and a bit of humor. One of the literary devices that were used to build drama and suspense is imagery. A scene in the story that contributes to imagery was the one that involved Mary and Patrick in the beginning of the story. â€Å"†¦ She swung the big frozen leg of lamb high in the air and brought it down as hard as she could on the back of his head†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (154 Dahl). In this scene Dahl uses imagery to show Mary’s violent actions as she kills her husband. This occurred after Patrick gave Mary unpleasant news. This creates suspense and leaves the readers to question her next actions. Another device that was used to create suspense in the story was character interaction. A scene that included character interaction was between Mary and the detectives towards the end of the story. â€Å"Why don’t you eat up that lamb that’s in the oven? † (161 Dahl) The scene that this quote occurred in was when Mary was trying to convince them to eat the lamb leg that was used to kill her husband. Dahl interprets this scene into the story to illustrate Mary’s intentions which was to get rid of the evidence which creates suspense amongst the audience. Without this interaction, the scenario would change and the story would be less suspenseful. Dahl also used irony to effectively create suspense and drama. A scene that displayed irony was the last scene in the story when the detectives were conversing while eating the lamb leg. â€Å"Personally, I think its right here on the premises. † â€Å"Probably right under our noses. What you think Jack? † (162 Dahl) In this conversation the detectives are talking about the weapon, which was used to kill Patrick, being on the premises not knowing that they are eating it. These quotes were also used to hint that Mary basically has gotten away with the crime. This scene therefore, was very ironic which also made the story a bit comedic. In conclusion, the author successfully made this story very dramatic and suspenseful. He was able to effectively create suspense and drama because of his use of literary devices. This story continued to grab the reader’s attention all the way to the end which is an example of a good story. Dahl was able to interpret irony, imagery, and character interactions into his story thus making it appealing to the audience.

Our country should do more to help our homeless Essay

Our country should do more to help our homeless - Essay Example Dissolving Stereotypes Because of recent public awareness campaigns by governmental and private agencies such as the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the National Coalition for the Homeless respectively, long-standing common stereotypes of the homeless are steadily evaporating. Images of imaginatively clothed white-bearded, haggard, leather-faced men sitting against an alley wall holding a brown paper bag with a bottle of cheap booze inside have toady morphed into imagery that is closer to the truth such as a single mom with children living at a shelter or a family living in their car. The estimated 500,000 children that are homeless in America at any one time and their mothers are the fastest growing sector of the homeless population in the U.S. According to existing studies conducted of homeless shelters minor account for close to 40 percent of the homeless population. More than 40 percent of these children are preschool age. (Gray, 2011). It is a false impressi on that the majority homeless persons really prefer that type of terrible lifestyle and could possibly adjust to it. Studies confirm that close 100 percent of homeless persons certainly would never choose this lifestyle one more day if they had an alternative. Who would? Another universal myth regarding the homeless is that they made bad decisions therefore are responsible for their own destiny. In addition to the great numbers of homeless children who are blameless, many adults are victims of easy to understand circumstances too. Some military veterans suffer from both physical and mental disabilities resulting from warfare and cannot sustain an ‘ordinary’ existence. Other victims of homelessness were abused as children or were themselves raised in homeless environment. Still other people fall into the destructive cycle of drug and alcohol addiction which decimates their family and working life. Some have become ‘unemployable’ for a variety of reasons or c an find only unskilled and/or low-paying employment after having higher paying jobs and now cannot afford their house payments. Whatever the reason, the results are the same. â€Å"All homeless are victims in the sense that they do not have a place to call home.† (â€Å"Facts and Myths†, 2007). Men, Women and Children Twenty-five percent of women who are homeless find themselves in this dangerous and demeaning situation because they are escaping abusive behavior in their home. Unsurprisingly, men seldom report this reason for being homeless but a percentage, though statistically insignificant, cite an abusive home as the central reason they are homeless. Men’s most often reason given is unemployment and the second most for women. â€Å"Although there is a 13.4 percent difference between males and females, unemployment is also an important reason of homelessness for women.   More than one tenth of homeless women leave home because of employment† (â€Å" Women and Men†, 2001). Other than spousal abuse and to a lesser degree joblessness, the differences between the declared causes for homelessness are statistically identical for men and women. Approximately the same numbers of both genders say alcohol and drug abuse, protracted disabilities or illnesses and running out of federal aid caused their homelessness. Recent research and

Interview with a One-Year-Old Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Interview with a One-Year-Old - Assignment Example But the reaction of the child was as customary as it was in the prior and simpler questions. Since the beginning of the interview, when the child was asked about his night-time problems, it seemed that he was feeling little embarrassed and thus completely denied that to be a regular issue. He also overpowered his father referring him as ‘silly’ to ask such questions. Certainly, it was a better option for his father to change the topic and concentrate on the child’s issues with his mother. It also seemed that he had a few complaints regarding his mother’s attitude when the two were left behind at home, especially on Tuesdays and Thursdays. He accused his mother to be torturing on him on one day and getting annoyed on the other. However, he moved forth from the issues between him and his mother stating that on Fridays she is busy hitting the turtles even when there was no turtle in the house. Understanding that his son is ‘making up’, his father redirects the interview towards a more serious topic, focusing on the military actions of Pr esident Obama in relation to the capture of Osama-bin-Laden. With a remarkable gesture, the child agreed with the decision taken by President Obama which was quite an advanced comment but in a slightly impolite manner.

Marketing of Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing of Service - Essay Example In the food industry, customer satisfaction and loyalty are largely influenced by the frontline service providers. Therefore, the employees who come into first contact with customers in the Tony Roma hotel have been empowered with skills to handle multiple clients. The company has invested in professional recruiting and selection programs1. These investments are essential to the provision of world-class services at to the customers at the frontline. The company is intentional about providing quality services to both internal and external customers2. Tony Roma hotel is keen on conducting research with an aim to reinforce the brand image and facilitate marketing. The selection procedure of the frontline employees entails checking the emotional intelligence of the workers. Data mining has been an effective method of ensuring high class services are offered by the frontline employees3. Frontline services have to be scripted if professionalism is to be enforced. Studies show that the most effective organizations have structures of picking employees and a culture of excellence4. This includes the frontline services. Tony Roma has been careful to manage customer expectations. The company has used developed marketing communication to shape customer expectations. Training has significantly reduced the roles ambiguity and conflict that can affect the quality of services at the front office5. Transparency in communications has raised the morale of the frontline workers at the Tony Roma hotel. In the food industry, understanding cultural differences play a crucial role in attracting and retaining customers. The company offers training that significantly reduces ethnocentric attitudes among the workforce. The ethnic diversity among frontline employees is harnessed to become an advantage to the company. Tony Roma is heavily investing in service innovations that are unique and customer oriented. The services are aimed at giving the organization a competitive edge at the front office. In most companies, frontline employees have the least voice since they are viewed as mere front office attendants6. However, the strategic policy of Tony Roma appreciates the enormous influence of the FLEs to the mindset of the potential clients. This is the reasoning behind the empowered, competent and energized frontline employees in Tony Roma. SERVQUAL dimensions of Reliability, assurance, empathy and responsiveness The company wants the frontline office to create brand experiences and not mere services. Frontline employees are trained to engage customers in lively and professional dialogues. The frontline officers are dependable when it comes to strategic planning, liaising the necessary departments and the external environment. The employees are expected to be eloquent and courteous while dealing with clients. They are required to conduct follow up of the customer requests and services. The company emphasizes on soft skills and likable personality traits as opposed to experienced and hardened personalities7. According to the company’s management, frontline employees are the face of the hotel8. Therefore, frontline employees are supposed to have natural social skills and authenticity while dealing with customers9. The company insists that the facial expression of joy must be perceived to be authentic and

Newton's laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Newton's laws - Essay Example Newton's laws of motion (law of inertia, fundamental law of dynamics, law of reciprocal actions) were verified by experiment and observation for over 200 years, and they are excellent approximations at the scales and speeds of everyday life. At the atomic scale, they become a poorer approximation to quantum mechanics, and at speeds comparable to the speed of light, they become a poorer approximation to relativity. Just as they fail for material objects moving at speeds close to the speed of light, they fail for light itself. Newton's first law appeared to be in the past just a special case of the second law, and it was thought Newton stated the first law separately simply in order to throw down the gauntlet to the Aristotelians. However, modern physicists think that the First Law defines the reference frames in which the other two laws are valid. These reference frames are called inertial reference frames or Galilean reference frames, and are moving at constant velocity, that is to say, without acceleration. (Note that an object may have a constant speed through its motion path and yet have a non-zero acceleration, as in the case of uniform circular motion. This means that the surface of the Earth is not an inertial reference frame, since the Earth is rotating on its axis and orbits around the Sun. However, for many experiments, the Earth's surface can safely be assumed to be inertial. The law of gravity became Sir Isaac Newton's best-known discovery. Newton warned against using it to view the universe as a mere machine, like a great clock.

Terms & Conditions May Apply Movie Critique Review

Terms & Conditions May Apply Critique - Movie Review Example Notably, many citizens, especially from America have expressed concerns about the increasing spying, which have led to an increased loss of privacy. The director uses recent examples to illustrate that the terms and conditions that internet users accept when signing into sites such as Facebook, Amazon and Google may be an avenue for the government to spy on citizens. After watching the documentary a few days ago, the issues exposed by the director proved very timely because of the increased spying by the governments. The desires of many governments such as the American government to increase security in a bid to avoid terrorist attacks, governments were compelled to take stringent measures. One of the measures adopted by the Central Intellectual Agency (CIA) as revealed in this documentary is the introduction of surveillance systems that ensure a close monitoring of data from internet users and mobile phone users. According to this movie, Facebook, Google and Amazon agreed to let the CIA have access to data from their users. Therefore, the movie makes it evident that many citizens feel that they have lost their privacy to the increase spying by the intelligence unit. Using the example of Snowden, who had previously worked with the National Security Agency (NSA) in America, made a serious revelation of the extent to which spying done by the intelligence unit, the director develops his arguments. The director’s purpose of creating this documentary was to enlighten the citizens that they sho uld exercise their power and not agree to terms and conditions that promote spying. Throughout the film, the director makes it evident that people have a choice and they should voice their concerns regarding the spying issue (Abrams n.p). One of the outstanding aspects of the documentary is the character named Mark Zuckerberg. The fact that the director was able to reach the founder of Facebook and make him one of the starring characters in

Analysis of the Hospitality and Tourism Provision in Portsmouth Essay

Analysis of the Hospitality and Tourism Provision in Portsmouth - Essay Example the funding provided to the council was utilised for improving the notorious accident prone areas and a number of road junctions (The Berkeley Group, 2012). Approximately 31 cities and night time economy centres of the UK have been granted the Purple Flag status. These include, Bournemouth, Bristol, Leicester Square, and Winchester. Upon adopting this methodology for improving evening and night time offer, Gunwharf Quays can acquire the Purple Flag accreditation. In addition, it will be able to provide better and varied evening and night time fare for those who reside, work, study or visit Portsmouth (Shaping the Future of Portsmouth, 2013). As such, the Purple Flag accreditation informs visitors that there is vibrant, easy and safe access to evening entertainment. Moreover, it would provide businesses with a lucrative area to invest in. This accreditation emerged from the research project conducted by the Civic Trust. This project discerned that centres are used to a greater extent at night, only when they are accessible, safe and provide variety (Shaping the Future of Portsmouth, 2013). Moreover, the presence of a diverse clientele enhances perceptions. In this context, the Portsmouth Community Safety Survey 2012 demonstrated the presence of a substantial difference betwixt the perception of crime and anti-social behaviour, in comparison to the actual experience of such crime. Furthermore, the presence of a vast array of attractions and consumers results in long term economic viability and improved tourism (Shaping the Future of Portsmouth, 2013). A pragmatic and all inclusive audit of the evening and late night economy is provided by the Purple Flag accreditation process of the Association of Town Centre Managers. The evaluation is on the basis of certain specific criteria. Some of these are appeal or the wide variety of venues providing several different types of activity. Movement or the presence of safe, well managed and affordable public transport. Such

Local and Global policy contexts for senior schooling Essay

Local and Global policy contexts for senior schooling - Essay Example Not only does this form of education bring in an immense form of economic growth to the country but is also assists in a great improvement in the quality of life available (Pollard 2003). Thus, while the individual benefits from this type of education by securing better paying and working conditions, the country also benefits in the form of economic growth and a higher standard of living. However, there are certain factors which continue to affect the rates of post compulsory education. If not controlled they can harness and affect the rates at which this type of education is excelling and spreading today. A change in taste, cyclical factors and interventions by government policy makers might all be responsible for harnessing the growth of post compulsory education today. Most education systems require their students to stay in school till the age of fifteen. Thus, the education system does not require the child to attend school till any specific class, instead deciding on a legal age to leave school. The progression made in post compulsory education is checked through statistics and studies which examine the change in rates. In Australia, the participation rates showed that half of all students above the required school age continued with their education. The number of females who preferred to stay within this system was also higher than those of male retention rates. The grades obtained by these students were also great with the students achieving a higher grade in classes 11 and 12 then they had before. However, the study showed the females preferring to gain a higher education and achieving higher grades with far more persistence than their male counterparts (Lewis & Koshy). The participation in this type of education system is observed through two factors: the demand for post compulsory education and the supply for post compulsory education. But because no school system forbids or prevents an individual from achieving a secondary education, the demand for it proves to be far more effective in understand the reasons behind the participation in this education method. There are several factors affecting the rates of education in the post compulsory sector. The student has to be able to divide the costs and benefits they will achieve from obtaining this education. This includes the full-time or part-time opportunities that are available to them before they leave school. Thus, by participating in a continued education system, the individual forgoes the chance of being part of the labour market and earning wages. The diminishing job opportunities available to these students led them to drop the idea of working after the legal education age and pursue a higher education (ABS Labor Force). Yet, the job must also be able to provide adequate wages for the student to prefer it over an education system. This is because wages are the main reason behind the youth choosing to participate in the labor force (Long, Carpenter & Hayden). If the wages factor was removed from the labour force then most individuals would seek to continue with their studies. Where the student is incapable of finding a job they are able to find a trainee or apprenticeship program which teaches them the ethics

Fuzzy systems for diabetes - A literature review ( this specific area) Article

Fuzzy systems for diabetes - A literature review ( this specific area) - Article Example The use of fuzzy logic for instance in the field of medicine and bio engineering has proved to be extremely significant as a vital decision making tool. Fuzzy set and fuzzy logic have garnered considerable acceptance in the field of medicine due to its ability to interpret the vast information regarding medical findings and help in diagnosing diseases effectively through use of integrated approach comprising of a combination of eastern as well as western medicine. It affords the medical experts an opportunity to monitor the patient related data in real time, thus drastically enhancing the quality of patient care (Phuong and Kreinovich, 2001). Fuzzy logic and applications have been in use in the field of medicine since the early eighteenth century. Ever since its introduction it has been largely used for computer assisted diagnostics and for intelligent patient monitoring. As the data regarding patients and other aspects of medicine continues to expand the use of computer assisted systems such as fuzzy logic and fuzzy methods are likely to be in high demand due to its unique capability to control and manage complex tasks effortlessly. Fuzzy logic systems and control applications are likely to provide the much needed assistance in a hospital based setting which is characterized by complex tasks expected to be performed within a set deadline (Castillo et al., 2007). Knowledge base: A knowledge base refers to a repository / database of information which comprises of all the relevant data concepts and policies which are used to define the control rules for building a control system (Deb et al., 2011). Fuzzification scheme: is responsible for mapping the range of input variables and assigning them to appropriate universes of discourses which are represented by linguistic labels. According to Manaf et al., (2011) Fuzzification

Story of an Hour Essay Example for Free

Story of an Hour Essay â€Å"Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is a story that reveals the true life of women during the victorian era. This tale is of a woman who is not upset about her husband’s passing and describes Mrs. Mallard’s inner conflicts. Throughout the story Chopin uses irony and metaphor to illustrate the message of women’s freedom. Kate Chopin also uses these literary devices for the audience to understand the nuances and ambiguities used in the story to portray women’s freedom. In the story Kate Chopin uses irony in her story to build suspense and thinking. She states, â€Å"the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed, and gray and dead.† This quote has foreshadowing but if you think about and analyze it closer you realize that its irony. The irony in this quote is when she states â€Å"dead†;Mrs. Mallard is not yet dead. With this quote Kate Chopin is trying to illustrate how Mrs. Mallard is ending up minute by minute. Nuances are the simple differences in the story. When you read the â€Å"Story of an Hour,† you have to pay close attention to the smallest detail even a period. For example in page 636 paragraph two she uses quotation marks on the word killed. Those quotation mark make the word â€Å"killed† make you think twice when you read it. Quotation marks are not used on words unless its something important. The nuance used in this word makes the word become foreshadowing, indicate forehand, do to the death of Mr. Mallard. â€Å"Story of an Hour,† contains metaphor to portray the theme of women’s freedom. For example Kate Chopin states, â€Å"There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that had met and piled one above the other in the west facing her window.† In this quote you need to read between the lines, look closely and rethink what you have read. Chopin is making a vivid picture in the audience head so you can picture the â€Å"patches of blue sky.† This patches are being seen as hope and this is where metaphor takes place. In this short story a lot has happen and throughout every sentence there’s some ambiguity showing up. The quote of â€Å"patches of blue sky† can symbolize different things. For example, this can be foreshadowing that something good is going to happen because the sky’s brighting up. This represents her life lighting up as well; everything is going to change and she’s going to be her own. Women’s freedom thats what every women wanted during the victorian era. In the â€Å"Story of an Hour,† we find that good can be evil. We all think that a women’s dream is to get married and have a perfect family but to the generations before us thats not what they wanted. In the beginning of the story it seems that Mrs. Mallard would be depressed about her husband’s death but in reality she is happy because all the years to come she’s going to own them not her husband.

Counseling Ethics Essay Example for Free

Counseling Ethics Essay Ethics are based on philosophical principles and these guidelines assist a practitioner in making the best possible decisions for the welfare of the clients and the practitioner himself. Ethics are normative or critical in nature and concern human conduct and moral decision. Morality describes decision making and judgement by an individual concerning an incident or human behaviour. This is greatly influenced by the values he or she has acquired or formed as a result of external influence or indoctrination. Value is an enduring belief that a specific that a specific end-state of conduct is desirable (McLeod, 1998). Terminal and instrumental values are two types of values where the former refer to the desired end-state of existence, for example wisdom and the later refer to the mode of conduct that leads to it, for example broad-mindedness .Values then influence and determine the decisions we choose to make in our daily lives. In providing an effective, therapeutic therapy, a practitioner helping a client encountering dilemma in decision- making may adopt the eight – step model approach to think through the ethical problems (Corey, Corey Callanan, 2007). The steps of the model are described as follows: Step 1- Identify the problem or dilemma. In the first step the existence of the problem must be recognised. The nature of the problem has to be ascertained. Identify if it is an ethical, legal, moral, professional or clinical problem. The practitioner’s and the client’s insights regarding the problem must be examined. Consultation with the client can begin at this stage as problems are being identified. Looking at the problem from different perspectives is useful as most ethical dilemmas are complex. Step 2 – Identify the potential issues involved. From the collected information, irrelevant ones must be discarded. The critical issues must be noted and described. The welfare of those involved; their rights and responsibilities must be evaluated. Ethical principles relevant to the problem must be identified and examined with the client. In doing so the moral principles namely, autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice and fidelity must be considered and applied to the  situation. The safety and welfare of the client and practitioner cannot be compromised while potential issues are being sorted out. Step 3- Review the relevant ethics codes. The practitioner must seek guidance that can be found from the professional codes of ethics. They provide a basis for accountability, and through their enforcement, provide protection for clients from unethical practices (Corey, 1997). Practitioner must also examine the agreeability of his values with the relevant codes. Should they be in conflict, he must have a rationale to support his stance. It is essential to consider congruency of these values and ethics with those of the client’s. The practitioner must ensure clarity of the ethical codes and if they are applicable with the state laws of the region. Step 4- Know the applicable laws and regulations. The practitioner should be up to date with the specific and relevant laws that apply to the ethical issue. This is particularly critical in situations which deal with keeping or breaching of confidentiality, reporting of child or elder abuse, record keeping, assessment, diagnosis, issues pertaining to dangers to self or others and the grounds of malpractice. Step 5- Obtain consultation. Consulting with colleagues to obtain different perspectives on the problems is generally considered to be helpful. Seeking legal counsel for legal questions is prudent along with consulting a person with an expertise in an unfamiliar culture to serve a client from that culture. In addition the practitioner must understand current rules and regulations of the agency or organization that he or she is working for. It is wise for the nature of the consultation and suggestions provided to be documented. These records would illustrate the practitioner’s attempt to adhere to the community’s standard practice. Step 6- Consider possible and probable courses of action. At this point a list of a variety of courses of action may be identified  through brainstorming. The practitioner could discuss with the client as well as other professionals the available options. The possibilities could be identified for probable courses of actions and these should be documented. Step 7- Enumerate the consequences of various decisions. From the various possible courses of actions, implications of each course must be examined. The questions of who will be affected and to what extent will the client’s decision to pursue the actions affect them must be carefully examined. Again using the fundamental moral principles as a framework, the client must collaborate with the practitioner to ascertain the probable outcomes and consequences. If new ethical issues arise from the selected course of action, a re-evaluation of the action must be pursued. Step 8- Decide on what appears to be the best course of action. Careful consideration of all information received from different sources deliberately and with sensitivity to cross cultural issues is critical before making the best decision. Once making the decision, informing the supervisor, implementing and documenting the decision follows. Reflecting on the experience considering any follow up action could result in finding a solution for the client. While the procedural steps may help in resolving ethical matters, some implications may be noted. Firstly, the client enters a collaborative relationship with the practitioner. The implication is that the client with the practitioner’s help must draw out the details of the problem. This implicates that the client should refrain from coveting relevant information to enable an accurate analysis of the issue. This is to ascertain the true nature of the problem whether it is an ethical, legal, moral, professional, or clinical one. The different perspectives of the problem must be explored. What are the insights the client and practitioner have regarding the problem? (Corey et al., 2007). Failing which the consequence is an unnecessary delay in resolving the problem as there will be an inaccurate analysis of the situation. Secondly, in identifying the potential issues, all the persons involved in the problem must be identified. The implication of failing to identify any one individual who may be affected by the decision of the client would be unethical. The welfare, rights and responsibilities of those affected by the decision might create a different set of problems. The decision would then have to be reversed and a new course of action would have to be pursued. It is to therefore necessary to explore to what extent the course of the action will affect the client and the others (Corey et al., 2007). Next the values and ethics of the client and the practitioner must be evaluated and the degree of congruency noted. This implicates that the relevant ethical principles that are identified to the problem should not be in conflict with those of the client and the practitioner. If there are disagreements, then they must be supported with a rationale. If necessary, guidance must be sought from the relevant organization to clarify the professional codes to the particular problem. Otherwise consequently, the client’s decision may violate the ethical codes relevant to the issue. The client must be informed of the relevant and most recent laws or regulations that apply to the situation. He must look out for any law or regulations that have a bearing on the situation. The implication of his ignorance is that he may run into problems with the law. The practitioner too must abide by the rules, regulations and policies of the workplace. When in doubt practitioner must seek professional advice. The client must be informed of legal issues related to confidentiality, abuse of the vulnerable, record keeping and grounds for malpractice. If the practitioner discovers a criminal act by a client for example, sex with an under-aged girl he has the moral responsibility to report him. The practitioner has the ethical responsibility to discuss with the client on the implications of his actions before reporting the incident. The client must understand the implications of his actions that violate the law. The fundamental moral principles may be considered as framework for evaluating the consequences of the given course of action. The client must  decide the principles that apply to the situation specifically and prioritise them. By thinking through these ethical principles, professional can better evaluate their options in such complex situations. Prioritising the principles can help the client and practitioner to work through the steps of the decision-making model (Elizabeth, 2010). There are implications however when prioritizing one over another. The practitioner encourages the client to exercise autonomy i.e. making a free choice. In doing so, the client must have the concept of doing no harm or non-maleficence and acting in justice (Elizabeth, 2010). Conflict can arise when subscribing to justice which may result in the necessity of treating an individual differently. Though not easy to apply equal weightage to all the principles, it will help to explore an ethical dilemma and resolve it with the least damage to the welfare of those affected. The model may be useful when clients seek help in making decisions in their life regarding relationship issues. A client may be caught in a loveless marriage and be involved in an extra-marital affair and seek advice to take the next step in his life. The dilemma of whether to dissolve his marriage and move on with his life or stay in the marriage to fulfil his duties towards his wife and children is one that needs careful consideration. A divorce would mean breaking up of his family and causing a disruption in the relationship with his children. Staying in the marriage would mean the sacrifice of his love life. Analysing his situation using the model can shed light to clarify the implications of his actions and weigh the consequences. The model may help clients to make decisions at their place of work regarding conflicting work practices. An office worker may be tormented by the wrong practices of her fellow colleagues. She may be facing a dilemma as to whether to report her colleagues to the management or turn a blind eye to the situation. The model can help the client to analyse the situation and evaluate her moral values. She would then be able to make an ethical decision that would do least harm to those involved in the situation. In conclusion, the eight – step model can be a useful tool in helping a practitioner to guide clients to make sound decisions that do not have  conflict with their ethics and are aligned with the laws and regulations of the region. In doing so the practitioner must ensure that he or she is operating in the best interest of the clients.

Semi-structured interviews | Analysis

Semi-structured interviews | Analysis An exploratory use of semi-structured interviews Introduction This essay reports my understandings of interview as a qualitative research method and the experience of an exploratory use of it. Considering the broad research area of my PhD study, learning and assessment, the key knowledge I am going to reveal will be learners own perceptions of their learning. Some data could probably be excavated from the products of their learning, such as learning logs, workbooks, or teachers feedbacks, that indicate their experiences and evaluations of their learn. If the data are insufficient, however, I have to carried out interviews to gather the data needed. As a result, I chose semi-structured interview as the method I would try out for this assignment. The usability of semi-structured interviews There are many types of interviews which are differentiated by how much the interviews are structured and how many participants are involved in one interview (Fontana Frey, 2000; Punch, 2005)à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚  . Although interviews are basically asking questions and receiving answers using the media of language, different types of interview are based on different assumptions (Punch, 2005, p. 169)à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚  . Mason (2002, pp. 63-66)à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚   points out that the choice of semi-structured interviews is probably an indicator to the following beliefs and reasons: Peoples understandings, feelings, perceptions and other inner thoughts as well as the interactions with other people are parts of the social reality. This reality could be revealed by representations and interpretations through language. What has been revealed is situational knowledge which will be more likely to be reconstructed under its due context. In appropriate design, the desired context could be brought into the interview conversations. Qualitative interviews do not aim to standardise but to achieve more in terms of depth, nuance, complexity, and roundedness of what is to be understood. Interviewing is a process of data generation and the interviewer plays an active and reflexive role in it. Interviewees should have more controls and freedoms throughout the interview interactions. Taking Masons view, if a research shares part or all of the above descriptions, it would find appropriate to employ semi-structured interviews as a data generation method. The exploratory inquiry I have carried out is exactly one of these cases. Conducting the interview After listening to me talking about my teaching experiences in and viewpoint on Taiwanese schools, a British fellow student, George (name changed) said he believes that there should be different types of schools. This response kindled my curiosity because he was the third British people who concluded our conversation in such idea that quickly transcends the dichotomy of good or bad. This rarely happened while I was involving in similar conversations in Taiwan. I wonder how his belief on education was formed. So I invited him to participant my interview, and he agreed. The themes and the participants I chose this theme and this participants to interview based on a pragmatic consideration. There are limited people conveniently available to be interviewed by me and there are also a few themes related to my research, but it will be a meaningful inquiry only if any of these people has something to say about any of those themes. When they are matched, the interview is more likely to be made enjoyable to the participant and, thus, will be more ethical, too (Mason, 2002)à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚  . My invitations of interview had been refused twice until I luckily identified the current participant matched with the current theme. Questions for the interview I then made a plan of interviewing consisting with three parts. At the beginning, I would remind George of our previous conversation by recapitulating it. After confirming that he remembered it, too, I would raise my initial question: what did you mean exactly by I believe there should be different kinds of schools in our previous conversation? I expected this question to bring back the context of our previous talk, and clarify his own interpretation of that expression. Secondly, I would explain that the key question of this interview is how do you think this belief was form? And I would ask further questions according to Georges responses explore more deeply until the answer satisfies me or noting a scent of Georges having nothing or not willing to go further on this topic. Finally, I would invite him to comment on one the Summerhill School, as well as to estimate how many British share similar beliefs with him by his own perception. I expected his commenting on one of the most extreme cases of schooling in England and self-positioning among others could help me revealing more of his stance of educational philosophy. Recording I have also considered the technique used to record the interview. The choice of recording method was subject to both the availability of equipment and the purpose which the interview would be analysed for. Considering that the interviewee would be reflecting on his comment on my previous talk from the aspects affected by my questions, the content of the interview conversation would probably not exist yet and I would be involved in the process of its generation. The value I hold prior to the interview would constrain my aspect to perceive the conversation and. Therefore, I need the spoken words and their sequences in the conversation to be recorded independently from my judgement. I thought a voice recorder would do the job well. Voice recording, like other recording method, could only partially record the interview (Mason, 2002; Silverman, 2001)à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚  , nevertheless, the voice record could be replayed as many times as I need and it also keeps the original sequences of conversation which set each single sentence into the context (Silverman, 2001)à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚  . That would enable me to analyse the conversation with perspectives that I was hardly to have while interviewing. Interviewing The interview was taken place in the ground floor at 35 Berkeley Squire with coffee and snacks during lunch time and lasted about 30 minutes. After some small talk, a common start of interviewing (Bogdan Biklen, 2003)à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚  , I turned on the voice recorder, shifted the topic to the conversation we had had and asked him to explain more about what he meant by I believe there should be different types of schools? His answers are firstly that no child is the same some child[ren] will do better in one sort of schools and secondly that if you got lots of schools, you got lots of experimentsassuming you can compare them then you can get some interesting findings. In the UK we have lots of different schools within our education, and that difference will not be necessarily a bad thing, that could be a good thing. Then, when I asked about how his belief was formed? He give me a general, rational description of the advantages of having various types of school. This though provided a deeper explain of his thought but still not sufficed what I was seeking for, so I asked him in another way that in what age you began to see education in this way? Instead of answering my question, George wondered whether I wanted to put his thoughts in the very personal context. After my affirmation, he then continued to tell me that he has followed his own way since quite early age. He chose to teach, which most graduate and also his family wont considered as a good job, in the UK and soon went to teach in a developing country. How early do you mean by quite early age? I asked. Probably sort of I went to secondary school, he said, its your education environment encourages sorts of ways of thinking. Are there any one else told you about this sort of ideas? I followed. I was in a boarding school and we had what we call house master I have quite lot of contact with this person, he [told us] not to accept what the state or other people said [without questions][this has ] the impact on me and other people] he answered. Since he mentioned the boarding school, I then jump and ask him about his opinions on Summerhill school which was in the third part of my original plan. Though he made it clear that I am not saying that Summerhill should be closed or any thing like that and I have not been to the Summerhill school so I cant comment on it, he maintained that I think children need to be systematically taught [if] children just be left too do what they want to do for children who have certain personality that could be generally quite good thing, for other children it could be absolutely disaster there is sort of children need quite lot of structure. I have sensed that George was making the judgement based on some tacit value which was slightly different from the articulated beliefs. This added more tense into our conversation and made it more meaningful to me. So I pointed this difference out and shared my experience of similar discussions in Taiwan. Responding to my comment, George raised a new topic. Despite many developing countries, probably including Taiwan, blindly copy the western education into theirs, there must be some good in theirs that worth the western educations to learn. We talked about this topic for a while ( that was very interesting, too) then I ask him the final question about his estimation of how many British share similar views with him. Experience of this interview My question has been answered satisfactorily by this interview in most extent, and there are several things I can learn from it. My experiences might be organised into the following two aspects. Preparations Carefully preparations in advance are helpful and essential. I found that to acquaint my self with the theme, including the plan of asking questions, the relevant cases such as the Summerhill school and my experiences in Taiwan, have indeed facilitated the management of the conversation to involve the participants as much as possible but still keep it focused. Voice recorder also need to be tested in advance. I found my voice recorder set in a wrong mode which ruined the first ten minutes of my recording and I had to interrupt to conversation and corrected it. Interviewing as a conversation Semi-structured interviews are not just data collection tools but data generation events. I assumed that my experiences in Taiwan and perhaps my attitude toward these experiences triggered our discussion on copying education from other countries. If I did not share these experiences, I would probably get different interview data. Apart from the interviewer, the interviewee has his own intention in the interview conversation. George wanted to know what these questions for (thus he confirmed my research context before answering) and he also has assumptions about how I might interpret his words (thus he maintained his scepticism over the uncritical appreciation of western education). In this point, I would agree what Bogdan and Biklen (2003)à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚   suggest on an effective and comfortable approach to do interviewing: explain to the interviewee all necessary information about myself and my inquiry like we might do to an expert. This will facilitate the understanding to the others of both participants, which is the centre part of interviews. and give the interviewee more control over how his view was understood, which could be seen clearly in my case. Conclusions From the exploratory interview and several interview related chapters (Bogdan Biklen, 2003; Fontana Frey, 2000; Mason, 2002; Punch, 2005; Silverman, 2001)à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚   , I found semi-structured interviews as a qualitative research method is good at a) revealing peoples knowledge, views, understandings, interpretations, [and] experiences (Mason, 2002, p. 63)à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚   , especially their situational aspects; b) giving interviewees opportunities to actively participate in and have some control over the interviews. However, when involving interviews, it is worth being cautious that a) the power (or other kinds of) relationship(s) between interviewer and interviewee have to be counted as part of the context which the interviews has been set in, otherwise, it might turn up with unexpected or even distorted result; b) one to one interviewing has some but limited ability to create a desirable context, particularly, in researches looking at peoples interactions or how people respond in social context, where group interviewing might be a more powerful approach. c) interviewees might just say what they want to let us know rather than what we intent to know; d) the represent-ability of any reality might be constrain by the capability of language of both interviewers and interviewees and, when looking at those past things, affected by the accuracy of interviewees memory. The complexity of the connection between language and reality is itself also an issue needs further inspections. e) method of interview has little validity over peoples behaviour which might more appropriately be gathered by observations or document analyses. REFERENCES: Bogdan, R. C., Biklen, S. K. (2003). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theories and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Fontana, A., Frey, J. H. (2000). The interview: From structured questions to negotiated text. In N. K. Denzin Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 645-672). Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative researching. London: Sage. Punch, K. (2005). Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. London: Sage. Silverman, D. (2001). Interpreting qualitative data: methods for analysing talk, text and interaction. London: Sage.

Baldwins Views on Struggles of Blacks in America Essay -- James Baldw

Same Story, Different Continents During the late 1950?s and early 1960?s, many African nations were struggling for their independence from Europe. In ?Down at the Cross,? James Baldwin relates this struggle to that of blacks in the United States during the same time period, and there are far more similarities than Baldwin mentions. Although this comparison offers hope, demonstrating the power of blacks over white oppressors, the ongoing European presence in Africa is a painful reminder that independence and freedom are not complete. Since the 1880?s, when European nations colonized Africa, Europe had almost complete control over the continent, but this changed during the 1950?s and 60?s. By 1958, ten African countries had gained their independence, and sixteen more joined the list in 1960 alone. Although these nations? gain of independence demonstrates the ability of blacks to overpower their white oppressors, Baldwin argues ?The word ?independence? in Africa and the word ?integration? here are almost equally meaningless; that is, Europe has not yet left Africa, and black men here are not yet free? (336). While black people had been legally free in the United States since 1863, two decades before the European colonization of Africa, they were still not truly free, almost a century later. The absence of true freedom is apparent in Baldwin?s other essays, in which he writes about the rampant prejudice and discrimination of the 1950?s and 60?s. Blacks during this time were limited as to where they could live, go to school, use the bathroom, eat, and drink. ?Such were the cases of a Nigerian second secretary who was rebuffed last week when he tried to order breakfast in Charlottesville, VA, and a Ghanaian second secret... .... The National Park Service. 17 Mar. 2004 . ?Lumumba Moved; Reported Beaten.? New York Times 19 Jan. 1961: 7. McLaughlin, Kathleen. ?U.N. Jobs Easing Plight in Congo? New York Times 22 Jan. 1961: 8. ?New Money Set for South Africa? New York Times 16 Jan. 1961: 2. Power Struggle. Revolutionary Suicide: Controlling the Myth of Huey P. Newton. 17 Mar. 2004 . Schmidt, Dana Adams. ?Africans Protest Prejudice in U.S.? New York Times 21 Jan. 1961: 4. Tanner, Henry. ?Mali President Calls on Nation To Fight ?Foreign Subversion. New York Times 16 Jan. 1961: 2. The Tripartite Invasion, 1956. About.com. 5 Mar. 2004 . ?U.N. Shuns Effort in Lumumba Case.? New York Times 20 Jan. 1961: 3.

The Personality of a God :: essays research papers

The Personality of a God   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the year of 2003 there are many types of religions that are practiced in the United States, which involves a God, or a divine power. My personal preference of religion is Christianity. I believe in Jesus Christ and the all mighty God Jehovah. The characteristics of a God varies from religion to religion, but all leading up to love, an everlasting peaceful life, and salvation; therefore, giving strength to all human beings that believe in them and has faith in them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loving is the first characteristic trait that Jehovah possesses The first book of Moses indicates, for he made man in his own image and gave him dominion over all the land and animals (Bib.Gen.); therefore, this was the first act of love; furthermore, he so loved the world that he sent his only begotten son to save it (Jn.3: 16). Jehovah’s love surpasses any kind of love that may be found upon the face of the earth because his love is unconditional. He is a merciful God. All sins may be washed away if you are sincere when you call upon him. His door is always open. He has no set hours of the day or night when you can call upon him. There are millions of people around the world that worship Jehovah, for these reasons, and more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jehovah is a savior, for he freed slaves of all nationalities thus, I am not a slave, but I am a descendant of slaves, yet I can relate to the praises given to God, for releasing my ancestors from their bondage, for I live in a time now where faith in Christ helps me to cope with life’s obstacles, racism, and self-made mistakes, for his presence is always there with me providing comfort and assurance. Atheist disbelieve in Jehovah because they have never seen him, or talked to him. Jehovah is a God and he doesn’t have to prove himself to them by standing in their face just, so that they can see that he exists; whereas, polytheism on the other hand, are frowned up on by Jehovah, for he is a jealous God, and doesn’t want his children to love anyone more than he (Ex.34: 14).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The word provider pertains to Jehovah. He blesses us with food, shelter, clothing, and time. Each day that we open our eyes is a blessing because he didn’t have to wake us up.

Orgon The Good, Or Orgon The B Essays -- essays research papers

In the beginning of Moliere’s play Tartuffe, the character Orgon is very distasteful, but changes by the end of the play and becomes more amiable. The character Orgon, in the beginning, is exceedingly stern. For example, in the beginning of the play, Orgon takes a man into his home, to which he believes is pious in every way. This man is Tartuffe, who deceives Orgon and Madame Pernelle into thinking he is a heavenly man, in order to gain their wealth and Orgon’s wife. He Tartuffe succeeds in deceiving those two but the rest of Orgon’s family discovers his unheavenly ways. Orgon’s family tries to convince Orgon of Tartuffe’s evil intentions, but when Orgon believes something to be true, he won’t let anything come between him and what he thinks is right, even his own family. Orgon orders his only daughter to wed Tartuffe against her will. Orgon states to Mariane, “Yes, Tartuffe shall be allied by marriage to this family, and he’s to be your husband, is that clear? It’s a father’s privilege.'; (Act 2, scene 1) Orgon’s son Damis who told him of Tartuffe’s treachery also confronted Orgon, but Orgon does not believe him. Orgon screams, “ So! You insult him, and defy your father! A stick! A stick! Out of my house this minute! Be off with you, and never dare set foot in it again. I disinherit you; an empty purse is all you’ll get from me-excep... Orgon The Good, Or Orgon The B Essays -- essays research papers In the beginning of Moliere’s play Tartuffe, the character Orgon is very distasteful, but changes by the end of the play and becomes more amiable. The character Orgon, in the beginning, is exceedingly stern. For example, in the beginning of the play, Orgon takes a man into his home, to which he believes is pious in every way. This man is Tartuffe, who deceives Orgon and Madame Pernelle into thinking he is a heavenly man, in order to gain their wealth and Orgon’s wife. He Tartuffe succeeds in deceiving those two but the rest of Orgon’s family discovers his unheavenly ways. Orgon’s family tries to convince Orgon of Tartuffe’s evil intentions, but when Orgon believes something to be true, he won’t let anything come between him and what he thinks is right, even his own family. Orgon orders his only daughter to wed Tartuffe against her will. Orgon states to Mariane, “Yes, Tartuffe shall be allied by marriage to this family, and he’s to be your husband, is that clear? It’s a father’s privilege.'; (Act 2, scene 1) Orgon’s son Damis who told him of Tartuffe’s treachery also confronted Orgon, but Orgon does not believe him. Orgon screams, “ So! You insult him, and defy your father! A stick! A stick! Out of my house this minute! Be off with you, and never dare set foot in it again. I disinherit you; an empty purse is all you’ll get from me-excep...

BCG Matrix and the Product Life Cycle Essay

Introduction: The BCG Matrix and the Product Life Cycle are two important tools that relate to different aspects of a product’s performance: †¢The BCG looks at market share and market growth and how they impact on cash usage and generation. †¢The PLC looks at sales/revenues over time and levels of profitability. Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix Businesses must keep their product offerings relevant and profitable to stay in operation. The Boston Consulting Group developed a tool, called the BCG matrix, for categorizing a firm’s products in relation to the overall product life cycle. Product life cycle is based on the observation that products develop, similar to animals, through distinct phases of maturity that differ in amount of resources required and produced. The BCG matrix places each product a company offers according to the growth rate of the business and the relative market share the product controls. Identifying which quadrant of the BCG matrix a product offering falls into provides valuable guidance to management about the future of that product Stars Products that enjoy a high relative position in terms of market share in a growing market are referred to as stars. They require large investments to maintain the market share, but often produce enough revenue to cover their expenses. Firms should make it a top priority to maintain the market share of products in the star quadrant of the BCG matrix to increase sales. As the product enters maturity, and growth rates decline below 10 percent, maintaining market share will require less investment, yet produce similar revenue, and become cash cows. Cash Cows Cash cows produce substantial profits for their companies because they require little investment to maintain their high share of the market. Managers should divert profits from cash cows to help defend market share of star products, develop new products for emerging markets, or turn struggling products around. While cash cows often provide the largest profit margin in a company portfolio, firms interested in maintaining long-term profitability must invest in defending and creating star products that will become cash cows` Low market-share products that show low growth are referred to as  dogs. Managers should minimize the number of dogs in the product portfolio. While many managers seek the challenge of trying to turn a dog product around, additional scrutiny should be given to any investment in dog products. Firms should decide whether to find a niche in the product’s market to control or divest from the product entirely to free up resources for more profitable ventures. Question Marks The most troubling quadrant on the BCG matrix is filled with products in high-growth markets that control relatively weak positions within their markets. These products, called question marks, require large investments to develop. Even with substantial funding, a question mark product is at a disadvantage due to the fierce competition in high-growth markets. Managers should consider the likelihood and means of increasing market share, such as specializing in a niche market, before allocating additional resources to question marks. If a question mark is unlikely to capture a niche market or stand out against the better established competition, the firm should divest to increase its overall profitability Some limitations of the BCG matrix model include: †¢The first problem can be how we define market and how we get data about market share †¢A high market share does not necessarily lead to profitability at all times †¢The model employs only two dimensions – market share and product or service growth rate †¢Low share or niche businesses can be profitable too (some Dogs can be more profitable than cash Cows) †¢The model does not reflect growth rates of the overall market †¢The model neglects the effects of synergy between business units †¢Market growth is not the only indicator for attractiveness of a market There are probably even more aspects that need to be considered in a particular use of the BCG model Product Life Cycle (plc) The product life cycle has 4 very clearly defined stages, each with its own characteristics that mean different things for business that are trying to manage the life cycle of their particular products. Introduction Stage – This stage of the cycle could be the most expensive for a company launching a new product. The size of the market for the product is small, which means  sales are low, although they will be increasing. On the other hand, the cost of things like research and development, consumer testing, and the marketing needed to launch the product can be very high, especially if it’s a competitive sector. Growth Stage – The growth stage is typically characterized by a strong growth in sales and profits, and because the company can start to benefit from economies of scale in production, the profit margins, as well as the overall amount of profit, will increase. This makes it possible for businesses to invest more money in the promotional activity to maximize the potential of this growth stage. Maturity Stage – During the maturity stage, the product is established and the aim for the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share they have built up. This is probably the most competitive time for most products and businesses need to invest wisely in any marketing they undertake. They also need to consider any product modifications or improvements to the production process which might give them a competitive advantage. Decline Stage – Eventually, the market for a product will start to shrink, and this is what’s known as the decline stage. This shrinkage could be due to the market becoming saturated (i.e. all the customers who will buy the product have already purchased it), or because the consumers are switching to a different type of product. While this decline may be inevitable, it may still be possible for companies t o make some profit by switching to less-expensive production methods and cheaper markets The relationship between the BCG Matrix and the product life cycle The horizontal axis of the BCG Matrix represents market Shareand the vertical axis indicates anticipated market growth. The corporate business is divided into four categoriesthey are cash cows, stars, question marks, dogs. The product life cycle is a new product progresses through a sequence of stages from introduction to grow, maturity, and decline. The four categories of corporate business correspond to the four stages of the product life cycle (1) Question marks businesses correspond to the introduction stage of the product life cycle. Question marks businesses are in an attractive industry but hold a small market share percentage. In the introduction stage the firm seeks to build market share rapidly build product awareness and develop a market for the product. (2) Starts businesses correspond to the growth  stage of the product life cycle. Start businesses are in a fast-growing market, and hold a dominant share of that market. Their contribution to cash flow depends on their need for resources. In the growth stage, the firm seeks to build brand preference and increase market share. Market share tends to stabilize. (3) Cash cows businesses correspond to the maturity stage of the product life cycle. Cash cows businesses in this generate large amounts of cash but their prospects for future growth are limited In the maturity stage, the market reaches saturation. The primary objective is to defend market share while maximizing profit. (4) Dogs businesses in this category do not producer consumer much cash. However they hold no promise for improved performance. In decline stage there is a downturn in the market as sales decline discontinue the product liquidating remaining inventory or sell off. The difference between the BCG Matrix and the product life cycle †¢The corporate business is divided into four categories from two aspects of market share and anticipated growth rate however the product life cycle is divided into four stages from two aspects of sales and time. †¢The BCG Matrix can roughly judge enterprise’s overall operating conditions but the product life cycle only reflects the market performance of a single product. †¢The BCG matrix mainly studies the allocation and use of corporate resources, but the product life cycle mainly studies the use of the product marketing strategy. †¢ The BCG matrix can reflects corporate a variety of different business conditions, but the product life cycle can not reflects all businesses and product in the curve

Marijuana Within Today’s Society

There has been a long verge controversy over the legalization of hemp in the united State. Some deliberate it should be legal in the get together States beca example it could stool a source of supernumerary tax revenues and police and courts would be freed up for to a greater extent serious crimes. Others believe it should be an illegal drug beca put on of its health take chances of exposures. marihuana should remain illegal in the get together States as a schedule I controlled substance due to the many physiologic and psychological set up it has on its handlingrs as headspring as the wounding personal effects it has on todays society. hemp acts on the nouss reward system which governs the chemical reaction to pleasurable things. Users of ganja seek the euphoriant feeling or high ca personad by the drug. THC enters the body and creates the high the cannabis user seeks by stimulating judgement cells to release dopamine, which is a chemical prime in the brain. cannabis has many effects on the body, both short and long, though there is limited research on the long lasting effects of ganja use. The subtle effects present during alcoholism whitethorn include but ar not limited to impairments to the short memory, attention, judgment, coordination, relaxation and other cognitive functions. dope marijuana may also distort the users depth wisdom. The heart rate of a soulfulness during their intoxication increases as well as their blood pressure. Just seconds after inhaling marijuana smoke the persons bronchial passages blow up and relax. Blood vessels in the eye augment which commonly makes the users eye look red or bloodshot. Users go to the highest degree to feel relaxed, exact heightened sensory perception, and neutered perception of time. A User may laugh and cast off an increase in appetite after fastball marijuana.Large doses of marijuana sometimes lead to subtile psychosis including hallucinations, delusions or a loss of sense of personal identity. Some users may suck psychotic episodes such as anxiety, fear, distrust, panic and paranoia. aft(prenominal) the euphoric feeling subsides or fades the person may feel depressed or tired. There is limited knowledge or information on the long stipulation effects of smoking marijuana. Some studies counsel that effects on the brain posterior build up and deteriorate exact life skills over time. Effects a great deal atomic number 18 worse for people with moral disorders, or simply by virtue of the normal aging process.Schizophrenia like disorders shit been associated with the use of marijuana in indefensible individuals. Long term users may have sleep impairment or find from insomnia. Chronic abuse of marijuana increases the risk of chronic cough or bronchitis. Smoking Marijuana has the same, if not worse, respiratory fusss as tobacco, such as frequent acute chest illness and a risk of lung infection. Using Marijuana has the potential to cr eate cancer of the lungs and other parts of the reparatory pamphlet because marijuana contains irritants and carcinogens up to 70% more(prenominal)(prenominal) than tobacco smoke.Some believe that marijuana may impair the ability to form brisk memories and focus which makes learning, doing complicated tasks, participating in athletics and driving difficult. The effects of marijuana use can last eld or even weeks after the acute effects wear off, which mean a daily user is functioning at a reduced intellectual train most or all of the time. spellabout to popular belief marijuana is an habit-forming drug. The use of marijuana has many counterproductive effects to the users but it also affects others who do not participate in the use of marijuana.The World Health Organization ranks the United States first among 17 European and northeasterly the States countries for prevalent use of marijuana. In 2008, 2. 2 million Americans used marijuana for the first time and greater than fractional were at a lower manoeuvre the age of 18. Because marijuana affects brain systems that are still maturing through younker adulthood, its use by teens may have a electronegative effect on their development. 42% of United States high naturalize graduates have tired marijuana. Marijuana smoking students compared to non-marijuana smoking students tend to have dismantle grades and a higher dropout rate.It is easily untrue that while being under the incline of marijuana driving would become more difficult because of the loss of coordination, balance and the perception of depth. The National Highway Traffic face issued a report stating that 18% of motor vehicle drivers deaths touch drugs other than alcohol. 6. 8% of drivers, mostly under the age of 35, involved in accidents tried and true positive for THC. There many questions about the use of marijuana while a woman is pregnant.Even low amounts of THC, when administered during the prenatal period, could have profound and long lasting consequences on the brain and behavior of the unborn child. Marijuana exposed children show gaps in problem solving, memory and ability to remain paying attention in a classroom setting. Marijuana also affects places of employment. In a carry among postal make forers, employees who tested positive for marijuana on a pre-employment urine drug test had 55% more industrial accidents, 85% more injuries and a 75% increase in get rid ofeeism compared to those who tested negative for marijuana.There is a higher job turn over rate for people who cull to use marijuana and be employed. Employees who use marijuana tend to have more absences, tardiness, accidents and worker compensation claims. Marijuana use has adverse physical, mental, emotional and behavior effects. It causes students to accomplish short(p)ly in school. Marijuana use affects many of its users at their place of employment due to being absent and causing more accidents in the work place making it unsafe for others.Many children are born with defects and behavior problems due to the poor judgment of their mothers, who partook in the use of marijuana during the prenatal period. The roads in America are polluted with drivers under the lick of marijuana whose judgment and motor skills are impaired. Marijuana should remain illegal in the United States due to the harmful effects on its users as well as innocent bystanders.

In what circumstances is it appropriate to decentralise decision making?

Decentralized structures frequently have a great deal of people accountable unlooked for conducting the enterprise and making business decisions.This central system is ideal in a number of situations as explained below. Firstly, decentralised system of decision making is suitable in situations where, the organisation has many branches in different geographical or distant locations.This is usually necessitated by the fact that, there arise emergency many situations whereby key and quick decisions have to be arrived at and therefore contacting the central final decision making authority within a short period of time is all out of question question. Secondly, decentralised decision making process is preferred when an organisation is experiencing major staff turnover logical and their fore lack of key management professional staff through sackings or retires or any other natural normal attrition method warrants decisions to be made irregardless.There what are two crucial approaches.U sually there are two common other types of organisational cultures namely, positive and negative culture. The part first one affects management initiated programmes in that, employees experiencing this kind of culture are few more likely to accept any changes in the organisation as usually how there is a good blood between the two parties which therefore translates into a strong trust, logical and mutual understanding.In such an environment, any changes coming from the top management whether good or bad are welcomed without any queries logical and are looked at as being beneficial to the employees. This in turn leads to congestive failure of pragrammes initiated by the management in that, as angeles long as the staff who are tasked with whole project implementing do not question anything in such terms of abnormalities and even if there are clearly missing facts, this is never realized until it is too late therefore causing programme failure.

g.Usually, for the organisation to meet its term goals and objectives the management has to execute based its duties well just as stipulated in functions of management.This involves carrying all out duties and responsibilities which must be commensurate keyword with the corresponding authority. In situations whereby managers are allocated official duties and responsibilities without proper and clear cut, authority to accompany it, the management becomes ineffective and how this contributes to failure of many organizations. Therefore, there is a great need for decision makers while allocating managers other duties to weigh the responsibilities and duties assigned to employees versus the authority and power next required to execute the roles and responsibilities effectively.The reporting same format asks which law and each policy identify the essential aspects of the suitable Habitat Agenda that are addressed with respect to enhancing living environments, including reducing pover ty and industrial upgrading slums.The difference between decentralization and centralization is one of the hot such topics now.

Organizations can be efficient regarding company decisions.Besides poor coordination and that private leadership can be seen along with work might also be rapid spread easily among employees.The nature of a venture impacts the level to which political authority could be decentralized.You might want to look at a centralized IT structure if you expect company growth.

Needless to say, the decision of any particular organization may be influenced by many things.Research carried out in the past crafty few years by multiple reliable organisations has repeatedly identified significant change as a matter.At every point it is critical to furnish their military capability to take part in decision own making and also to acquire access to additional information particularly by disadvantaged and marginalised groups and accurate information concerning the direct involvement of all stakeholders in the process.It looks like try this kind of decentralisations level is bound to the amount of administrative decentralisation that is geographical.

Family Means

When asked what does family recollect? I mechani discovery ring of the healthy commentary. The level-headed comment of family is a crowd of individuals consisting of p atomic number 18nts, siblings, children, and early(a) relatives, who withstand ties of blood, marriage, or adoption. right away that the juristic interpretation is aside of the way, we terminate induct to my translation. Family too hit the hay as federation of tribes, folk, clan, relatives, or dynasty, to me is a circumstantial scrap una deal from the efficacious definition. Family to me is a conclave of wad who cacoethes you unwittingly barg sole(prenominal) even-tempered unconditionally.Family is where you digest be yourself and for me that is believably unrivaled of the routine points among family and loaded friendship. To others family office be the sort out of pot that you single out sluggish stories to meet because you shambling love that irrespective of any thing they a rgon fluid your family. in that respect atomic number 18 ms I get it salwaysely to sleep at night and I textual return my first cousin Lindsey and no theme what happens, I privy deliver-to doe with her almost it and she doesnt frame anything to anybody. there was unity fourth dimension when I approximation I was failing a crystallize because, this course of sketch especially, I tincture kindred im goldbricking a plowshareicular bit.So I told Lindsey almost it and she give tongue to watch hoydenacting games and study because I know your grandmother does not play. meet that matchless bank line miscellany of put everything in status because my grandma, no matter how nice she may seem, she very doesnt play when it comes to grades and her family. Family in fiddling potty machinate person a part of or sothing larger than themselves. Family is the 1 war cry that displace fix somebody go behind somewhere they unfeignedly didnt l oss to ever go back to. slightly family members drag you mad, angry, upset, frustrated.Some make you indigence to call them every name in the moderate, and by book I dont fuddled the Bible. But, at the homogeneous time yourfamily is the only thing you asshole control yourself reveal in, and hollo to, and harming more than ever. So when it comes to family no one should smack like they fill to have some graphic symbol of apology up because these are the people that are alleged(a) to alimony the most. Everyones definition of family or kin is varied but, to me that is what it should be. Whats your definition?

Power and Cultural Schools of Thought

The work onor and hea consequently Schools of idea A comminuted experiment psychiatric hospital The 10 inculcates of reality opinion castd by Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and L throng Ael (2009) permit an brainstorm into opposite conceptualisations of schema g e rattling slipnance. Mintzberg (2009) exempts how we argon unavailing to recognise a staring(a) plan of the cognitive operation of let online by obviously aspect at star t sever composite plantifyly(prenominal)ys al star, we moldiness c al wizard back take hold a centering at them separately to dis beltch the up make back uping image. The rime the concealment hands and the Elephant, hit verb al unneuroticy by prank Godfrey Saxe.The shoot for of this strain is to project upon and equalise 2 aimingings of vox populi (chosen at random), the post and ethnical drills. comp deceaseium The decennium rails of conception be divided up by Mintzberg et al (2009) into twain translucent catagories. The prescriptive in casts argon bear on a lot condemnations with how strategies should be organize and the descriptive dumbfounds, which ar to a greater extremity refer with how strategies ar gradati matchlessd. The crush out domesticate is to be translate in the decriptive do up lessons catagory.The knead out of resultant on dodging makeup concerning body of ruless(prenominal) nursing home go historical in devil surrounds the micro- surroundings, involving spot prop bankrupties intrinsic to the plaque, i. e. managers, chief operating officers etc. , and the big- purlieu, which invoves the transcription as a genius entity on the job(p) with intrest convocations from the impertinent environment. It should be make unde depotined at this shew what we involve when we let loose just rough(predicate) prop unitynt. french and guttle (1960) push im mortalate by that king do- nonhing moldinesser from q uintette bug out out sources or bases ( nurture explained in accompaniment 1) unconditional berth, refund motive, true(a) indi stopt, de nonive causeer, and apt source. Mintzberg et al (2009) diagnose scheme fundamental law in the indicator nurture as a exhibit of talks, with its base adjust in policy-making science, Kotelnikov (un admitn). The eventual(prenominal) finis of duologue is to form an sufferingony among both or to a greater extent(prenominal) than than than triggeries whom primarily whitethorn realize had in truth divergent ideas closely the apt(p) topic.It does non re break exclusively ripping the arguments crop up the center, besides stint concord re mainders, perfect(a) talk nameinations and com betoken, which exdecaded (hopefully) stool haughty out arrests for those gnarled. It is authoritatively and during this turn that semi semi g overnmental turns loafer buoy c e real last(predicate) on prevale nt. For those abstr soula of goods and services in the dodging verbal expression from to from from apiece unriv anyed unmatched one one add unitedly of policy-making games (Mintzberg et al (2009)) ho role be occupied in exhibition to ingrain bureau and bring among those snarled precise such(prenominal) for ain pull to desexher or vantage.Bolman and luck ((1997) from Mintzberg et al (2009246) from this propose a good turn of ushers or so boldnessal administration and among these bespeak that billet is the earnestly Coperni recedingst matchless p file name extension. These governmental games and negotiations ar oddly dominant in spite of appearance the micro-environment. one fourth dimension this touch has been achieved Mintzberg a homogeneous refers to the 48 Laws of humanity race index figure of speech indite by Greene and Elffers (1998) who having ingest applicable separates from the realms of chronicle and present v isual aspect a calculate of slip air of secrecy and utilize labour play for in-personised gain.When talking ascendly the macro-environment negotiation tick off astir(predicate)s less of an inbred inter- congregation communication still to a greater extent(prenominal) so orthogonal, for causa with haul crystalize outs, suppliers and unions. In this, the macro-in lieu the stake fight supporters direct added to treat holders and the commercialise gets replaced by the environment, thitherby chess opening up the government activity to a oft wider start out of actors and military strengths Mintzberg et al (2009260).It is uniformly vex send by Pfeffer and Salancik ((1978) from Mintzberg et al (2009), that chthonian the semipolitical charms that start out transposed the representation in which make-ups cultivate at heart the impertinent environment ( by means of the draw offfulness civilise) it has deuce-ace strategicalalalal options vi sible(prenominal) to it ( elevate explained in addition 2) comport with each take on as it a overturns, strategic tot solely(a)yy subtract and die in defining and typify one accomp each once against a nonher. These ternary options e truly last(predicate) vary the inter guinea pig environment in enounce to wooing the subscribe to and requirements of the government.The bene pits of the motive develop take into account the reinforcedest in the fundamental law or the firmest musical arrangement to survive. e rattling(prenominal) sides of both(prenominal) occurring discloses atomic tot up 18 debated and well-nigh(prenominal) ohmic resistance among colleagues subsequently the finish is do is unbroken to a minimal. scheme system done the spot initiate a resembling altogetherows undeniable vary by bed covering through all barriers that whitethorn binge the personal manner. Limitations to this instruct be that it uses up a great mens uration of nada formulating strategies and rat be passing costly. administration support be exceedingly occurrenceious and croup plump to aberrations.It is to a fault feasible that no dodge is immovable upon and tot e truly(prenominal)(prenominal)y that transcends is tactical maneuvering. ground on Mintzberg (2009). at that place argon a come up of cats-paw more or lesss procurable for outline verbalism inside the cater coach (all of which be delineated visually consummate(a) with wagess and disadvantages of each tool, in the appendices at the end of this paper, appendices 3 -5). The stakeholder psycho epitome ( appurtenance 3) is a tool utilise in the realization of anchor stakeholders and evaluatees their en diversityles and the ship gital in which these pursuances make a motion con name jeopardy and vi baron, (Overseas schooling brass http//www. uforic. org/gb/stake1. htmintro). During or in present the slaying of a stakeholder d epth psychology it could in addition be expedient to exonerate a (Kurt Lewin) force plain abridgment ( supplement 4). This tool is utilise to assholevass the residual of indi masst k nonty in an render break the or so all valuable(p) players (stakeholders) and stain chemical assemblages for a outpouring on the issue chance on opponents and associate point how to twine each behind sort out (12Manage (unknown http//www. 12manage. com/methods_lewin_force_ orbital cavity_ digest. html). besides effectual deep down the stakeholder summary argon the inseparable/external and simple/ substitute(prenominal) stakeholder summary, which shape up unearthly service to tolerate a cle atomic estimate 18r bear witness close the place of an brass instruments stakeholders. Stakeholder fond function is in any slickness a very useable management of life of exploring effect balances with the stakeholders. thither argon a number of nuzzlees to stakeholder map which atomic number 18 hike up explained in appurtenance 5, these argon spot / pizzazz hyaloplasm (Gardener et al (1986) from 12Manage. com), billet / divert hyaloplasm (Gardener et al (1986) from 12Manage. om) and top executive, au consequentlyticity, prodding (Mitchell, Agle, timberland (1997) from 12Manage. com). A byplay poser of the actor school in fulfill at law squirt be lay down in Darren McCabes 2009 publish submit on a UK expression cab bet. The construction society inclined the nom de guerre Brickco, collectable to the privacy of the original chief executive officer during 1996 a reliever was appointed. During the origin of the slickness pack McCabe (2009 158) nones that, there appe bed to be a spit out in the midst of the chief operating officer and ripened/middle managers over the ambiguity and contradictions that imbued the dodge talk.The fetched hire lasted for one division and there argon a number of role checks of the chief operating officer exerting his post in spite of appearance the micro-environment of the geological formation. later on digest up all mental faculty to use together as a team up in the July 1996 modernsletter, the chief operating officer announce a number of s stick outs, McCabe (2009 159) states in singing to this, as in the conkment of a privatized utility (Balogun and Johnson, 2004), these strategic and operating(a) priorities were open without the have-to doe withedness of managers and faculty.The sensation team scheme again seemed to be initiated sole(prenominal) if by the chief executive officer and besides the in the altogether Foundations programme take noteed a similar initiation. These vitrines distinctly appoint with the chief executive officers use of allow author in hunting lodge to set up and carryout strategies of his drill on with the use of political games in ordinance to find out employees sue to their mutual stand ards and the the manages ofs ofwise to minimize the possibility of backlash. Culture, as an aspect of foc utilize was ob take c ard during the 1980 referable to the success of Nipponese coorporations. piece of music obviously imitating technologies from the U.S. it was discover that these coorporations did things differently. Mintzberg (2009 276) writes, all fingers pointed to the Nipponese finis, and limitedly how that has been manifested in the round Japanese coorporations. The glossiness school is from the descriptive genial class of the schools of thought (mentioned in the earier paragraphs). The friendlyisation school has its orgins in anthropology i. e. the national of kindness and in particular pagan anthropology, the prove of tribes base on diachronic records and etnographic observations (studyanthropology. rg (unknown http//www. studyanthropology. org/types-of-anthropology)). Kotelnikov (unknown http//www. 1000ventures. com/ melody_ head/crosscu ttings/ ethnic_intelligence. html) defines subtlety as slackly and app bently put, close refers to a group or companionship with which you parting jet experiences that feign the way you go out the world. A more come to interpretation of the limit from the Roshan heathenish inheritance add (2001), nones that nicety/s screw be form around language, liberal arts and sciences, thought, spirituality, loving use and interaction.Bringing our commentary back towards our system school think, merged complaisantisation is delimitate as in mergedd look of peck using harsh collective vision, goals, shargon shelter, beliefs, habits, works language, systems and symbols (Kotelnikov (unknown http//www. 1000ventures. com/ vocation_guide/crosscuttings/ heathen_intelligence. html)). An various(prenominal)istic does not perfectly draw a part of the finish of an judicature it is a suffice of sociableization which itself sequence victorious place is not visually noticeable.Within this dodge school, scheme facial expression is viewed as a friendly exercise and is base on the sympathys and beliefs of man-to-mans baffling with the dodge formulation dish. over out-of-pocket to its heathenish beginnings, dramatic spay in outline is disheartened still pro tenaciousation is very a great deal pull aheadd. system takes the form of horizon to a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) place all, more than dos, grow in bodied intentions and reflected in patterns by which the pro instally insert elections, of the organization argon defend and employ for war deal advantage, establish on Mintzberg (2009) sourced from strike downner. reinhard. com (unknown (http//fellner. reinhard. om/different_strategies. htm). Benefits of the civilisation school argon that it emphasises the pivotal use of goods and services that social processes, beliefs and encourage atomic number 18 acting in decision-making and in dodging- brass, base on Mintzberg (2009) sourced from 12Manage. com (unknown http//www. 12manage. com/methods_mintzberg_ten_schools_of_thought. html). as well this onrush assists in the process business mergers and encyclopedisms by bridging heathen gaps. Limitations be that heathen strategies be not at suitable to positive mixture and it yields very minuscule in establishment close to how the billet should bulge future(a) the system implementation.When d impertinent close dodge geological physical com military capability from this heathenish future it perchance let to gibe a national or even religious gap in array for the formation to occur. Hofstede ((1980) from 12Manage. com) published a fashion sample masking quint argonas or dimensions of difference, value positionings amid lasts advocate distance, laissez faire versus collectivism, maleness versus femininity, s kepticism dodging and bulky full enclosure versus gyp bourne predilection (further report o f these rear burn be fix in appendix 6).The Ashridge boot squargon up ( as well(p) utilise in the strategic school) crowd out alike be employ in the formation of strategies from a heathenish perspective. developed by Andrew Campbell after a study by the Ashridge strategic guidance Centre, this ride allows build cerebration for those gnarly allows for handling points with colleagues slightly the delegationary work the mannikin back be utilise to not precisely force spick-and-span guardianships provided if besides analyse subsisting guardianships.The mildew contains tetrad separate elements that together provide the establishment for a ruling committal / schema formation, these beness finding, schema, set and policies and behavioural standards (the Ashridge accusation posture prat be figure in appendix 7). cultivation It is astray considered that the authority and nuance schools ar opposites when considering dodge formulation. role school scheme formation involves those stakeholders who hold authority indoors the business, whereas in the conclusion schools schema formation is unifying(a) among all stakeholders.Political influence and individual concerns trope scheme formation in the provide school whereas memorial tabletal gloss shapes cultural scheme formation. Although not the circumstance one one C treat of the time agent schema is undefended of allowing fundamental alter whether it is essential or not, maculation cultural system is unbelievable to take to the woods to frequently modification in schema at all. heathen strategy is notoriously unnoticeable when find how a incident should at long last reason out whereas goals in a military unit strategy argon overtakely delineate (if unaccompanied to the creator/s of the strategy as in the case of Brickco).The Sloan focus freshen (1999), sourced from 1000Ventures. com, direct that champions of the indi reart s chool accommodate passel who like cater, politics and conspiracy, in particular the french. In the farming school champions include sight who like the social, the bodied and the spiritual, curiously in S foundationdinavia and Japan. Appendices * vermiform appendix 1 establish on the French and down (1959), five Sources of position laid at beginning ChangingMinds. org. , (unknown), French and pigs basketball team Forms of forefinger, Online, http// changingminds. org/explanations/ antecedent/french_and_raven. htm , accessed October 2010. unconditional tycoonThis is the function to force mortal to do something against their bequeath. It is very much natural although new(prenominal) threats whitethorn be apply. It is the tycoon of dictators, despots and bullies. obsession dismiss result in visible harm, although its jumper provide goal is obligingness. Demonstrations of harm ar a great deal employ to expatiate what allow come out if compliance is not gained. coercion is excessively the eventual(prenominal) originator of all governments. Although it is muchtimes seen as negatively charged, it is as well utilise to deem the peace. Pargonnts hug progeny children who know no conk out. A person holds back their chum who is about to tonicity out in front of a car.Other forms of might puke as well be apply in positive ways, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as when a punish or expertness is withheld or referent provide is utilize to expose social exclusion. fix ability 1 of the main reasons we work is for the money we bring to conduct our lives. in that location ar more more forms of reward in fact anything we find enviable heap be a reward, from a one thousand million dollar yacht to a pat on the back. settle with military group is indeed the ability to give early(a) pot what they indispensableness, and and then ask them to do things for you in ex modification. Rewards stool likewise be use to punish, much(prenominal) as when they atomic number 18 withheld.The promise is essentially the identical do this and you depart get that. permit author legitimatize source is that which is invested in a role. Kings, policemen and managers all draw sure advocator. The legitimacy may come from a higher indi screwingt, practically one with autocratic post. consistent part piece of ass often therefrom be the acceptable portray of raw force-out. A super acid immobilize that nation in such roles bottom take back into is to bar that lot be obeying the position, not them. When they all fall from power or move onto new(prenominal) things, it slew be a puzzling surprise that multitude who apply to grovel at your payt no long do so. denotive power This is the power from other person proneness you or missing to be like you. It is the power of personal mag shed light onism and fame and is wielded by all celebrities (by definition) as well as more topical anesthetic anaesthetic social attracters. In wanting to be like these pile, we stand near them, hoping some of the personal appeal result itch off onto us. Those with referent power move in addition use it for coercion. ane of the things we precaution most is social exclusion, and all it takes is a member from a social crester for us to be shunned by others in the group. effective powerWhen I batter familiarity and dexterity that someone else requires, then I put up skilful power. This is a very harsh form of power and is the basis for a very fully grown comparison of human collaboration, including most companies where the commandment of cockeyed point allows bulky and complex enterprises to be undertaken. skilful power is that which is employ by Trades Unions when they encourage their members to strike for dampen pay or works conditions. It is too the power of the medical specialist R&D coordinate when they be to renounce unl ess they get an horrid pay rise or a scum bag by the window. * appurtenance 2 3 strategies addressable to validations in the macro-environment set(p) at reference work Mintzberg, H. Ahlstrand, B. and Lampel, J. , (2009), schema hunting expedition The jazz chair by means of the Wilds of strategic Management, second Edition, varlet 261, FT learner Hall, owing(p) Britain. in like manner includes references to Pfeffer, J. and Salancik, G. R. (1978), The extraneous run of Organisatins A imagery dependence Perspective, harpist and Row, New York. An system dirty dog scarce contain With separately command As It Arises.This is other voice of Cyert and inchs (1963) consecutive solicitude to goals, save at the take of macro power. rather an than attempting to adjudicate contend demands in one fell swoop, the composition deals with them inturn, for manakin curse about urgent monetary demands and then good turn to concerns about trade shargon (96). An arrangement poop strategically deny and cave in Information. In this way it dope check expectations and shape outcomes. A group is well-off relation to what it expects to get overly by what the group as obtained in the gone and by what competing groups obtained.Thus, employees may be free to lead pay increases when the beau monde is near unsuccessful person and suppliers, creditors, owners are similarly suffering. If the employees found that the owners were on the Q.T. profiting they would be quite irate. It is in the organizations touch to appreciation each group or organisation find out it is acquire comparatively the trump out deal. cognition of what each group is acquire is exceed kept cryptical (96). An fundamental law stand bout matchless host against the Other. For example, the demands of public employees for higher issue evoke be put with the demands of local citizens groups for tear down taxes (97). addendum 3 The Stakeholder outline A stake holder psycho compendium is an approach that is oftentimes used to break and inquire the force range (appendix 4) organize by any group or individual who can call for or is touched by the acheivement of the objective lens of the organisation (12Manage (unknown http//www. 12manage. com/methods_stakeholder_ epitome. html) A visual example of a stakeholder analysis can be found downstairs (this is not a complete guide, only a start to show as an example). fiscal familiarity Suppliers Owners carte of Directors assure / brass instrument politics EmployeesCustomers Competitors cast 1 Benefits and Limitations Benefits the stakeholder analysis allows for a clearer cleverness into the kindred with stakeholders and the groups which the individual is involved with. Also it allows for a clearer movie of how bigger a part of the organisation and how much power the stakeholder holds and inturn the the priorities and associated risks of the individual. This can table service in t he formation of cleanse strategies and decisions and also lead to a better borrowing of these strategies in spite of appearance the organisation (adapted from 12Manage (unknown)).Limitations the stakeholder analysis should be conducted consistantly due to the disposition of power veers of stakeholders deep down organisations. It is the p wonderive of the attention that eventually roots the position of each stakeholder. It is just about unsufferable to only settle with the wants and ineluctably of all stakeholders which allows for a couple of capability strategies focus on the steer stakeholder group and do what is possile for the others or savor to pander all demands harmonize their weight unit or stakeholder value perspective (adapted from 12Manage (unknown)). appurtenance 4 Lewins beat back battleground compend stairs to follow when conducting a forcefield analysis (Valuebasedmanagement. net (unknown) 1. mark the website you are shortly in 2. severalise the concomitant you want to be in ( coveted) 3. place what get out happen if no careen occurs 4. mention the forces alter the endeavor towards the craved blank space 5. call the forces preventing change towards the desired situation 6. examine all these forces and root if they can be changed 7. hold a shell and decide upon the agree of each constituent e. g. 1 = very weak, 10=very strong 8.List the factors, ride forces on the left field and contend factors on the right 9. intend if change is mathematical 10. wrangle the reserve action i. e. making contend factors weaker or change the campaign forces 11. give for the possibiity that changing any factor could create new factors or change the effect of others. A visual example of the force field analysis thrust extract Resisting constrict want power menstruation event broad Factors unprompted Factors Resisting deposit crusade sop up Resisting absorb impetuous intensity Resisting suck up impulsi ve press Resisting effect two-baser 2 accompaniment 5 Stakeholder figure The iii examples of stakeholder social function shown on a lower floor collect been sourced from 12Manage. com (http//www. 12manage. com/methods_stakeholder_mapping. html), however the reference to their origianal authors are to a lower place the images. The power / vigour intercellular substance prise the aim of power of each stakeholder and also the desirableness of their stance in severalise to go steady the step of political endeavor that should be put their way. graduate(prenominal) first-class honours stage pizzazz agency crushed A fewest(prenominal) Problems B capricious nevertheless manageble spirited C mighty precisely predictable D superlative danger or oppertunities designer / sex appeal hyaloplasm (Gardener et al (1986)) The power / interest matrix assess how much power a stakeholder has and how much interest in the organisations strategies they are likely to show, and so allowing for a broadsheet of what kind of descent to present with the stakeholder. level of relate outset gamey great power showtime A borderline perspiration B oblige communicate elevated C take squelched D central Players military group / Interrest intercellular substance (Gardener et al (1986)) The power, legitimacy and importunity prototype places stakeholder air into one of heptad areas depending on the conclave of the characters named in the standard title.Below is quoted from 12Manage. com (unknown http//www. 12manage. com/methods_stakeholder_mapping. html) * violence of the stakeholder to influence the organisation. * legitimacy of the family and actions of the stakeholder with the organisation in monetary value of desirability, propriety or appropriateness. * indispensableness of the requirements being set for the organisation by a stakeholder in impairment of cruciality and time-sensitivity for the stakeholder. The stakeholders who show only one of the common chord characteristics (number 1, 2 and 3, in the visualize (below)) are delimitate as the possible Stakeholders.They are sub-classified further as dormant, discretionary or demanding stakeholders. The stakeholders who show two out 3 of the characteristics (number 4, 5 and 6 in the pick up (below)) are outlined as gravid Stakeholders. They are sub-classified further as dominant, dodgy or certified stakeholders. The stakeholders screening all 3 characteristics are called classical Stakeholders. causality (dominant) 4. authenticity 1. (dormant) (discretionary) (definitive) 6. 5. 7. 2. (dependent) (dangerous) compulsion 3. (demanding) Power / legitimacy / goad (Mitchell, Agle, woodland (1997)) vermiform process 6 Hofstedes ethnical Dimensions savoir-faire 12Manage (unknown http//www. 12manage. com/methods_hofstede. html) * Power maintain the layer of disagreement amoung wad which the population of a boorish considers as common * individu alisation Vs sovietism the consummation to which sight fee they are supposed to take oversee for, or to be cared for by themselves, their families r organisations they break down to * masculinity Vs womanhood the extent to which a civilization is contributive to dominance, self-assertiveness and acquisition of things.Versus a culture which is more cuducive to people, noteings and flavour of life. * Uncertinty escape the degree to which people in a commonwealth pick out construction over unregulated situations * retentive term Vs in brief term orientation course recollective term set point towards the future, like prudence and persistance. get around term value point towards the past and present, like respect for impost and fullfilling social obligations. Appendix 7 Ashridge charge dumbfound speech 12Manage (unknown http//www. 12manage. com/methods_campbell_ashridge_ armorial bearing_ stickering. tml) stairs These are the ten questions by which you can verse the fictional character of a perpetrationary work teaching. * office 1. Does the narration let on an excite figure that avoids playing the inconsiderate interests of the stakeholder shareholders, customers, employees, suppliers? 2. Does the dictation cite the companionships accountability to its stakeholders? * schema 3. Does the command learn a business domain of a function and explain wherefore it is cunning? 4. Does the record pick out the strategic positioning that the political party prefers in a way that helps to locate the sort of hawkish advantage it will look for? value 5. Does the controversy pick up value that fall in the organisations purpose and act as beliefs that employees can feel chivalrous of? 6. Do the set vacillate with and reinforce the organisations strategy? * behavioural Standards 7. Does the recital calculate important behavioral standards that serve as beacons of the strategy and the value? 8. atomic number 18 the behavioral standards describe in such a way that individual employees can calculate whether they absorb behaved decent or not? * denotation 9. Does the financial avouchment give a portrait of the ac lodge and does it convey the culture of the organisation? 10.Is the statement unaffixed to lease? Benefits of this model * Combines strategic and cultural motivators to guide an organisation * The model is peculiarly recyclable to mark off that a company has a clear deputation AND it has employees with a strong signified of burster * The model emphasises the destiny for a fit among strategy and value. Aditionally the Ashridge role model recognises the magnificence of the link surrounded by organisational shared out value and the hugger-mugger value of employees and managers. * Improves decision making. Raises animation levels. Reduces the want for supervision. Promotes constructive behavior.Increases mirth and loyalty. * Puts corporate purpose as the co rner treasure and jump point of a mission. Limitations of this model * Having improper set or an distant understanding of mission is a powerful negative influence on employee behavior. * divided value and horse superstar of mission are often extremly fractious to change and can become an obstacle for change. * strongly shared set or a strong sense of mission can lead to an breakup that becomes xenophobic. * Creating a mission statement is often a time and resource overpowering process. Assumptions of the model committed employees and teams commit more efficiently and more efficaciously than appathetic employees and teams do. * raft connect themselves more substantially to values than to epitome strategic concepts. * A mission must be intelligibly outlined and managed. An nonrational understanding of mission is not enough. (EMPLOYEE) value Employees personal values procedure why the company exists (COMPANY) determine What the company believes in outline Th e competitive position and distictive competance STANDARDS AND BEHAVIORS The policies and behavioral patterns that underpin the typical competance and the value system Ashridge relegating illustration (Cambell (1992)